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A denuder-based integrated organic gas and particle sampler (IOGAPS), specifically designed to minimize sampling artifacts, has been developed to sample atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols. IOGAPS first removes gas-phase chemicals via sorption to the XAD coated denuder, then traps particles on a quartz filter placed downstream of the denuder. A backup system consisting of sorbent (XAD-4 resin) impregnated quartz filters (SIFs) was used to capture the semivolatile organic carbon (SVOC) that evaporates from the upstream particle-laden filter. Elemental and organic carbon (EC and OC) were determined from filter punches by a thermal optical transmittance (TOT) aerosol carbon analyzer. Systematic evaluation of the performance of the IOGAPS showed that the IOGAPS system is able to determine the particle-bound OC more accurately in comparison to filter-pack (FP) based systems. Field sampling was conducted in July 2001 and March 2003 in downtown Toronto, ON and August 2001 in Vancouver, BC. Both IOGAPS and FP samples (i.e., PM2.5) were collected separately during the day and night so that diurnal variations of OC and SVOC could be investigated. The OC determined by the IOGAPS was usually higher during the night. This could be explained by the partitioning of the gas phase SVOC onto the pre-existing aerosols due to decreased ambient temperatures during the night. Such SVOC is often lost during FP sampling, but can be captured by the IOGAPS. The temperature-dependent subcooled liquid vapor pressures (PL) and enthalpies of vaporization (DeltavapH) at 25°C for 10 oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) were determined by a gas chromatography (GC) method. The vapor pressures of OPAHs were found to be significantly lower than their corresponding PAHs. It was estimated by the Junge-Pankow model that OPAHs with vapor pressures lower than 10-4 Pascal would predominately reside in the particle phase in the atmosphere. This could help explain the field measurements of four detected OPAHs (i.e., 9-fluorenone, anthraquinone, benzanthrone, and benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione) in total suspended particle (TSP) samples collected in downtown Toronto during the summer of 2003. Their average particle-bound concentrations (ranges in parentheses) were 40 (10--70), 130 (50--270), 220 (110--360), and 270 (170--390) pg/m3, respectively.
The book is divided into two sections. The first section presents characterization of atmospheric aerosols and their impact on regional climate from East Asia to the Pacific. Ground-based, air-born, and satellite data were collected and analyzed. Detailed information about measurement techniques and atmospheric conditions were provided as well. In the second section, authors provide detailed information about the organic and inorganic constituents of atmospheric aerosols. They discuss the chemical and physical processes, temporal and spatial distribution, emissions, formation, and transportation of aerosol particles. In addition, new measurement techniques are introduced. This book hopes to serve as a useful resource to resolve some of the issues associated with the complex nature of the interaction between atmospheric aerosols and climatology.
This book describes the characteristics of atmospheric aerosols, the chemistry of aerosols, and the interplay between aerosol modeling and global climate changes. This book helps to understand nature of aerosols and their role in the atmosphere.
This book contains the papers and discussions from the symposium, "PARTICU LATE CARBON: Atmospheric Life Cycle," held at the General Motors Research Laboratories on October 13-14, 1980. This symposium, which focused on atmospheric particulate elemental carbon, or soot, was the twenty-fifth in this series sponsored by the General Motors Research Laboratories. The present symposium volume contains discussions of the following aspects of particulate elemental carbon (EC): the atmos pheric life cycle of EC including sources, sinks, and transport processes, the role of EC in atmospheric chemistry and optics, the possible role of EC in altering climate, and measurement techniques as well as ambient concentrations in urban, rural, and remote areas. Previous symposia have covered a wide range of scientific and engineering subjects. Topics are selected because they are new or represent rapidly changing fields and are of significant technical importance. It is ironic that the study of particulate elemental carbon or soot should meet the above criteria for selection because soot, especially from coal and wood combustion, has been a recognized air pollutant for centuries. However, since the 1950s, when intense efforts to study air pollution were initiated, to until a few years ago, the role of elemental carbon in the atmosphere was largely ignored. The major reason for this was the lack of a suitable measurement technique.
Helping you better understand the processes, instruments, and methods of aerosol spectroscopy, Fundamentals and Applications in Aerosol Spectroscopy provides an overview of the state of the art in this rapidly developing field. It covers fundamental aspects of aerosol spectroscopy, applications to atmospherically and astronomically relevant problem