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Weathering steel is commonly used as a cost-effective alternative for bridge superstructures, as the costs and environmental impacts associated with the maintenance/replacement of paint coatings are theoretically eliminated. The performance of weathering steel depends on the proper formation of a surface patina, which consists of a dense layer of corrosion product used to protect the steel from further atmospheric corrosion. The development of the weathering steel patina may be hindered by environmental factors such as humid environments, wetting/drying cycles, sheltering, exposure to de-icing chlorides, and design details that permit water to pond on steel surfaces. Weathering steel bridges constructed over or adjacent to other roadways could be subjected to sufficient salt spray that would impede the development of an adequate patina. Addressing areas of corrosion on a weathering steel bridge superstructure where a protective patina has not formed is often costly and negates the anticipated cost savings for this type of steel superstructure. Early detection of weathering steel corrosion is important to extending the service life of the bridge structure; however, written inspection procedures are not available for inspectors to evaluate the performance or quality of the patina. This project focused on the evaluation of weathering steel bridge structures, including possible methods to assess the quality of the weathering steel patina and to properly maintain the quality of the patina. The objectives of this project are summarized as follows: -- Identify weathering steel bridge structures that would be most vulnerable to chloride contamination, based on location, exposure, environment, and other factors. -- Identify locations on an individual weathering steel bridge structure that would be most susceptible to chloride contamination, such as below joints, splash/spray zones, and areas of ponding water or debris. -- Identify possible testing methods and/or inspection techniques for inspectors to evaluate the quality of the weathering steel patina at locations discussed above. -- Identify possible methods to measure and evaluate the level of chloride contamination at the locations discussed above. -- Evaluate the effectiveness of water washing on removing chlorides from the weathering steel patina. -- Develop a general prioritization for the washing of bridge structures based on the structure's location, environment, inspection observations, patina evaluation findings, and chloride test results.
Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Life-Cycle Sustainability and Innovations contains lectures and papers presented at the Tenth International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management (IABMAS 2020), held in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, April 11–15, 2021. This volume consists of a book of extended abstracts and a USB card containing the full papers of 571 contributions presented at IABMAS 2020, including the T.Y. Lin Lecture, 9 Keynote Lectures, and 561 technical papers from 40 countries. The contributions presented at IABMAS 2020 deal with the state of the art as well as emerging concepts and innovative applications related to the main aspects of maintenance, safety, management, life-cycle sustainability and technological innovations of bridges. Major topics include: advanced bridge design, construction and maintenance approaches, safety, reliability and risk evaluation, life-cycle management, life-cycle sustainability, standardization, analytical models, bridge management systems, service life prediction, maintenance and management strategies, structural health monitoring, non-destructive testing and field testing, safety, resilience, robustness and redundancy, durability enhancement, repair and rehabilitation, fatigue and corrosion, extreme loads, and application of information and computer technology and artificial intelligence for bridges, among others. This volume provides both an up-to-date overview of the field of bridge engineering and significant contributions to the process of making more rational decisions on maintenance, safety, management, life-cycle sustainability and technological innovations of bridges for the purpose of enhancing the welfare of society. The Editors hope that these Proceedings will serve as a valuable reference to all concerned with bridge structure and infrastructure systems, including engineers, researchers, academics and students from all areas of bridge engineering.
The long-term performance of uncoated weathering steel (UWS) bridges in the United States is being assessed to update the current FHWA technical advisory regarding the use of UWS in highway bridges. The main purpose of the larger research project, to which the research described in this thesis contributed, is to develop quantitative recommendations about environmental conditions and maintenance practices that may be the most suitable for UWS highway bridges. Prior work included the development of a national UWS GIS database in order to quantify environments. This database was used to strategically select 21 UWS bridges for field evaluations in 7 states in order to qualitatively assess the performance of rust patinas and collect rust samples for assessment using quantifiable metrics. Rust samples were assessed by evaluating data from clear tape adhesion tests and ion chromatography analyses. Part of this research also included collecting and analyzing maintenance data collected from state highway agencies throughout the United States. This data included information from 34 state highway agencies' bridge maintenance manuals and bridge washing practices from 33 state highway agencies. Deicing agent usage data was also obtained from 39 state highway agencies and existing databases. Correlations between the different data types that were collected were assessed to investigate any trends in UWS bridge performance based on environmental conditions and maintenance practices. The most significant finding from this research involved differences in UWS performance as quantified by chloride concentrations and rust particle sizes of surface rust based on interior, sheltered girder locations and exterior, exposed girder locations. Quantifiable data obtained from this research will be useful for evaluating UWS bridge performance trends with a larger dataset in order to update national specifications and maintenance practices involving UWS bridges.
Life-Cycle Civil Engineering: Innovation, Theory and Practice contains the lectures and papers presented at IALCCE2020, the Seventh International Symposium on Life-Cycle Civil Engineering, held in Shanghai, China, October 27-30, 2020. It consists of a book of extended abstracts and a USB card containing the full papers of 230 contributions, including the Fazlur R. Khan lecture, eight keynote lectures, and 221 technical papers from all over the world. All major aspects of life-cycle engineering are addressed, with special emphasis on life-cycle design, assessment, maintenance and management of structures and infrastructure systems under various deterioration mechanisms due to various environmental hazards. It is expected that the proceedings of IALCCE2020 will serve as a valuable reference to anyone interested in life-cycle of civil infrastructure systems, including students, researchers, engineers and practitioners from all areas of engineering and industry.
TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 354: Inspection and Management of Bridges with Fracture-Critical Details explores the inspection and maintenance of bridges with fracture-critical members (FCMs), as defined in the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials' Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Design Specifications. The report identifies gaps in literature related to the subject; determines practices and problems with how bridge owners define, identify, document, inspect, and manage bridges with fracture-critical details; and identifies specific research needs. Among the areas examined in the report are inspection frequencies and procedures; methods for calculating remaining fatigue life; qualification, availability, and training of inspectors; cost of inspection programs; instances where inspection programs prevented failures; retrofit techniques; fabrication methods and inspections; and experience with fracture-critical members fractures and problems details.
This report presents findings of a survey and laboratory evaluation of materials and techniques for cleaning and painting chloride-contaminated weathering steel bridges. Laboratory techniques suitable for field usage were developed for assessing the conductivity and chloride level of prepared surfaces. The following cleaning techniques were evaluated for their effectiveness in removing chloride from corroded and pitted plates: air abrasive wet blasting, dry blasting (including alternative abrasives), dry blast and rinse sequences, pressurized water jetting, power tool cleaning, hand tool cleaning, and chemical strippers. Eight coating systems, including organic and inorganic zinc, high-solids epoxies, thermal spray zinc, oil/alkyd, and petroleum wax were selected for laboratory evaluations. They were applied over laboratory and bridge specimens of weathering steel having various levels of chloride contamination using four preparation techniques: wet and dry blasting, power tool and hand tool cleaning. The coatings were exposed to salt spray, immersion in deionized water, and a composite test incorporating ultraviolet radiation, condensation, and freeze-thaw conditions. Based on these tests, and other considerations, the four surface preparation techniques and the following eight systems were selected for multisite 5-year bridge and test fence evaluation: epoxy zinc-rich, urethane zinc-rich, epoxy mastic, thermal spray zinc, three inorganic zincs (conventional and low-VOC ethyl silicate, and water-borne alkali silicate) and oil-alkyd control. Preliminary guidelines were developed for weathering steel maintenance options of no painting, painting corroded areas only, and painting entire structure.
Transportation infrastructure is the backbone of American commerce & industry at the advent of the 21st century. Bridges are the key elements of the transportation system of a country. According to National Bridge Inventory 2005, there are approximately six hundred thousand bridges in United States, among them nearly one third of bridges are functionally obsolete. A lack in performance of such structures, with respect to minimum acceptable standards, has direct impact not only on the highway system but also on public safety as well as economic growth. Systematic and well-designed research will provide the most effective approach to the solution of many problems facing by the highway administrators and engineers. This research describes the various factors that accelerate the deterioration of steel bridges and its repair methods. In addition, this research studies several bridges to collect the required data for the development of model, which is initial stage of database design. The collected data is normalized into third normal form. Finally, a theoretical model and a suitable database for steel bridge repair, inspection and maintenance was designed. The database is designed with the help of Microsoft Access, SQL and Visual Basic Net. The developed database able to store, edit and generate reports according to the user choices.
This report describes a 4-year bridge and test fence evaluation of protective coatings for maintaining weathering steel bridges. The test specimens consisted of steel panels cut from existing aged weathering steel bridges, along with some new mill scale bearing weathering steel as a control. The condition of the specimens ranged from extensively pitted and corroded (from chloride exposure) to mildly corroded and non-pitted. Specimens were cut from angle irons, stiffeners, cover plates, and web areas of bridges. Three methods of surface preparation were used: dry abrasive blasting, wet abrasive blasting, and power tool cleaning using rotary peening and non-woven abrasive discs.