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After installation, many driven piles experience time-dependent increases in total capacity, known as pile setup. The gained capacity is due mainly to the dissipation of excess pore water pressure, which causes increased frictional resistance along the pile length. The rate of pile setup is variable and depends on the soil conditions. There have been limited studies of pile setup conducted on Ohio soils. For this thesis, a series of analytical approaches were conducted on statewide driven pile data in order to determine predictive correlations for pile setup on Ohio soils. The approaches included analyzing the geographical distribution of pile setup, the existing pile setup models, and the correlations between soil properties and pile setup factors. Approximately 90% of the piles that were analyzed gained capacity over the time interval from the initial driving to the pile restrike. The geographic analysis did not find strong correlations between the pile setup factors and the statewide geography. Meanwhile, the Skov-Denver (1988) existing pile setup model worked well in predicting the restrike pile capacity. The pile setup factors found strong correlations with the moisture content and the standard penetration test results, while the pile setup factors were unable to find strong trends with the plasticity index and soil composition based off the given boring logs.
ODOT typically uses small diameter driven pipe piles for bridge foundations. When a pile is driven into the subsurface, it disturbs and displaces the soil. As the soil surrounding the pile recovers from the installation disturbance, a time dependant increase in pile capacity often occurs due to pile set-up. A significant increase in pile capacity could occur due to the set-up phenomenon. For optimization of the pile foundations, it is desirable to incorporate set-up in the design phase or predict the strength gain resulting from set-up so that piles could be installed at a lower End of Initial Driving (EOID) capacity. In order to address the set-up phenomena in Ohio geology, a research was conducted by compiling pile driving data in Ohio soils obtained from ODOT and GRL, an engineering company dedicated to dynamic pile load testing, located in Cleveland, Ohio. The set-up data of twenty three piles was compiled along with time, pile length, pile diameter. The liquid limit, plastic limit, average clay and silt content, average SPT value were compiled along the pile length. In 91 % cases of the driven piles, some degree of set-up was observed. Correlations among several soil parameters and pile capacities were explored. An equation was proposed between the final and initial load capacities of the piles as a function of time and shown to be in good agreement with the strength gains of driven pipe piles in Ohio soils.
An increase in pile resistance over time after installation, due to an increase in soil resistance, is referred to as pile setup. Until recently, pile setup was not commonly considered in ODOT's standard driven pile design procedures. If substantial pile driving losses are encountered during pile installation, then either pile driving is stopped for some time to determine if pile setup will occur or pile length increased to reach the required ultimate bearing value which can result in substantial pile quantity overruns during construction. Realization of pile setup in design can therefore result in pile quantity savings and prevent construction delays, and also help to avoid change orders. This research project was undertaken to develop more reliable pile setup models to be used in design to better predict pile driving losses. The project involved collecting data from existing projects around the state, performing investigations at selected field sites, and conducting comprehensive data analysis to investigate the mechanism of pile setup. The main findings of this project are: 1) Existing pile setup models cannot properly predict setup observed in fine-grained Ohio soils, 2) Construction activities and pile driving sequence at project sites can significantly affect pile's resistance obtained from pile load tests, and 3) Side friction setup factors for the piles driven in fine-grained Ohio soils are about 50 to 100% more than the factors currently recommended in the ODOT Bridge Design Manual.
This work collates the topics discussed in the sixth International Conference on land and offshore piling. It covers topics such as: wave mechanics and its application to pile mechanics; driving equipment and developments; and pile integrity and low strain dynamic testing.
The contributions contained in these proceedings are divided into three main sections: theme lectures presented during the pre-workshop lecture series; keynote lectures and other contributed papers; and a translation of the Japanese geotechnical design code.
"This volume contains 101 papers presented at the 8th International Conference on the Application of Stress Wave Theory to Piles, held in Lisbon, Portugal in 2008." "It is divided in 14 chapters according to the conference themes: Wave mechanics applied to pile engineering; Relationship between static resistance to driving and long-term static soil resistance; Case histories involving measurementand analysis of stress waves; Dynamic monitoring of driven piles; Dynamic soil-pile interaction models - numerical and physical modeling; High-strain dynamic test; Low-strain dynamic test; Rapid-load test; Monitoring and analysis of vibratory driven piles; Correlation of dynamic and static load tests; Quality assurance of deep foundations using dynamic methods; Incorporation of dynamic testing into design codes and testing standards; Ground vibrations induced by pile motions; Dynamic measurements in ground field testing." "This conference aims to contribute to a better and more efficient professional interaction between specialized contractors, designers and academicians. By joining the contribution of all of them it was possible to elucidate the today's state-of-the-art in science, technology and practice in the application of stress wave theory to piles."--BOOK JACKET.
CD includes student editions of the OASYS software packages 'FREW' and 'Safe'.
Driven piles are commonly used in foundation engineering. Pile driving formulae, which directly relate the pile set per blow to the capacity of the pile, are commonly used to decide whether an installed pile will have the designed capacity. However, existing formulae have been proposed based on empirical observations and have not been validated scientifically, so some might over-predict pile capacity, while others may be too conservative. In this report, a more advanced and realistic model developed at Purdue University for dynamic pile driving analysis was used to develop more accurate pile driving formulae. These formulae are derived for piles installed in typical soil profiles: a floating pile in sand, an end-bearing pile in sand, a floating pile in clay, an end-bearing pile in clay and a pile crossing a normally consolidated clay layer and resting on a dense sand layer. The proposed driving formulae are validated through well documented case histories of driven piles. Comparison of the predictions from the proposed formulae with the results from static load tests, dynamic load tests and conventional formulae show that they produce reasonably accurate predictions of pile capacity based on pile set observations.