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Nearly 25 million acres of forest from northwestern New York and southern Quebec to the south-central Maine coast were coated with ice from a 3-day storm in early January 1998. This storm was unusual in its size and the duration of icing. Trees throughout the region were injured as branches and stems broke and forks split under the weight of the ice. These injuries reduced the size of tree crowns and exposed wood to infection that can lead to wood decay. In addition to regional assessments, forest managers need to know how much damage to expect in the years following the storm due to loss of wood quality, loss of tree growth, or tree death. The purpose of this study was to determine tree survival, stem growth, and response to infection following injury to major hardwood tree species from the 1998 ice storm.
Ice storms occur frequently in northeastern North America. They damage and kill trees, change the structural characteristics of a forest, and may importantly alter the goods and services that owners realize from their land. This literature review summarizes 90 years of relevant information, mainly from fairly short term studies published between 1904 and 2006. It documents ice storm severity and the effects on hardwood branch loss, primarily among upper canopy trees; methods for estimating and classifying hardwood crown damage; and factors infl uencing epicormic branch formation on hardwood trees. It also summarizes management recommendations for dealing with crown loss and for managing stands after damage by ice storms.
Ice storms occur frequently in northeastern North America. They damage and kill trees, change the structural characteristics of a forest, and may importantly alter the goods and services that owners realize from their land. This literature review summarizes 90 years of relevant information, mainly from fairly short term studies published between 1904 and 2006. It documents ice storm severity and the effects on hardwood branch loss, primarily among upper canopy trees; methods for estimating and classifying hardwood crown damage; and factors infl uencing epicormic branch formation on hardwood trees. It also summarizes management recommendations for dealing with crown loss and for managing stands after damage by ice storms.
Synthesizes the published literature on the following: the ecological and possible economic effects of ice storms on natural forests and plantations, including where possible the influences of past management practices; the recovery and mortality of individual trees and forests after ice storm damage; and management recommendations for ice damaged woodlots and plantations to minimize negative impacts. The literature search also superficially considered: wind and snow damage; some of the biological functions of tree reaction to wounds, crown damage, defoliation, and increased exposure; and disease and insect implications.