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Essay from the year 2011 in the subject Economics - International Economic Relations, grade: 2, Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh, language: English, abstract: The aim of this paper is to outline how the rise of China is re-shaping the business environment for multi-national enterprises (MNEs) and how this is affecting their businesses. The aggrandisement of China to become the second-largest economy in the world occurred already in 2010 and this year it has been estimated that the People's Republic of China will outrun the United States of America as the biggest manufacturer (Hout and Ghemawat, 2010, p.95). Due to their economic power, the Chinese government is also gaining more political power, which shows the willingness of China to contribute to the Eurozone's bailout fund (Anderlini, 2011a). Moreover, this shows the significance China has as an economic region for the MNEs. Although the initial approach was primarily to get access to low-wages labour in order to economise the manufacturer cost, this has recently experienced an enormous turnaround. Many enterprises no longer just seek the advantages of low-labour cost in China, but to a greater extent MNEs emphasise the "purchasing power [which] continues to increase [and so] their population is becoming important consumer markets as well" (Cavusgil, Ghauri and Agarwal, 2002, p.2). At the same time China has been undergoing a movement towards a new stage of development. A shifting from a successful low- and middle-tech manufacturing economy to a sophisticated high-tech one has been seen and, as Hout and Ghemawat put it, this has been achieved "by cajoling, co-opting and often coercing Western and Japanese businesses" (2010, p.96). Even though China seems to offer a great opportunity for MNEs to produce and to sell their products, still the MNEs are facing huge challenges due to the provisions of national law.
Seminar paper from the year 2011 in the subject Economics - International Economic Relations, grade: 2,2, Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh, language: English, abstract: Table of contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Definitions and theoretical framework 3 a. Multinational enterprises (MNEs) 3 b. Globalization and China’s advantage 3 3. Economic growth of China 4 4. Reshaping of the business environment and implications for MNEs from the rise of China 5 5. Conclusion 7 6. List of references 8 1. Introduction Budgetary deficits and slowly growing economies are the main challenges of western governments and companies at the moment. The rise of China seems to save the western worlds bacon. The purpose of this essay is to highlight how the rise of China is reshaping the business environment for multinational enterprises (MNEs) and to define the impact on these companies. The paper will start by pointing out a short terminology and by considering the meaning of globalization for the rise of China. The rate of growth of China over the past years will be discussed on the followings. With the help of these facts it will be shown how the business environment for multinational enterprises has changed and in what way companies are affected.
Essay from the year 2012 in the subject Economics - International Economic Relations, grade: A - 70, Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh (School of Management and Languages), language: English, abstract: Nowadays, it is scarcely possible to trade commodities all over the world without any constraints. Thus, the increasing flow of information has taken control inside the world economies and created one global market, where multinational enterprises in different countries interact with each other. In addition to that the view of the world has changed in the spot light of globalisation. One cannot deny that one country, China, plays a decisive role in this complex scenario and is re-shaping the business landscape strongly. The results are shifting productions, technologies and knowledge to achieve higher profits and market shares to maximise shareholders wealth. The competitiveness leads to a rat race, in where contemporary enterprises have to readjust their business strategies. This essay spars with the topic: “How the rise of China is re-shaping the business environment for MNEs (multi-national enterprises); what are the implications for MNEs?” The structure of this essay refers to the main causes of the rise of China and particular to the economic implications on global economy and for multinational enterprises (MNEs). Moreover, the essay will examine the different entry barriers on the Chinese market and outline in this context the opportunities for MNEs. Finally, the conclusion will summarise the main points and take a firm stand.
Essay from the year 2011 in the subject Economics - International Economic Relations, grade: 2, Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh, language: English, abstract: The aim of this paper is to outline how the rise of China is re-shaping the business environment for multi-national enterprises (MNEs) and how this is affecting their businesses. The aggrandisement of China to become the second-largest economy in the world occurred already in 2010 and this year it has been estimated that the People’s Republic of China will outrun the United States of America as the biggest manufacturer (Hout and Ghemawat, 2010, p.95). Due to their economic power, the Chinese government is also gaining more political power, which shows the willingness of China to contribute to the Eurozone’s bailout fund (Anderlini, 2011a). Moreover, this shows the significance China has as an economic region for the MNEs. Although the initial approach was primarily to get access to low-wages labour in order to economise the manufacturer cost, this has recently experienced an enormous turnaround. Many enterprises no longer just seek the advantages of low-labour cost in China, but to a greater extent MNEs emphasise the “purchasing power [which] continues to increase [and so] their population is becoming important consumer markets as well” (Cavusgil, Ghauri and Agarwal, 2002, p.2). At the same time China has been undergoing a movement towards a new stage of development. A shifting from a successful low- and middle-tech manufacturing economy to a sophisticated high-tech one has been seen and, as Hout and Ghemawat put it, this has been achieved “by cajoling, co-opting and often coercing Western and Japanese businesses” (2010, p.96). Even though China seems to offer a great opportunity for MNEs to produce and to sell their products, still the MNEs are facing huge challenges due to the provisions of national law.
Prior to the initiation of economic reforms and trade liberalization 36 years ago, China maintained policies that kept the economy very poor, stagnant, centrally-controlled, vastly inefficient, and relatively isolated from the global economy. Since opening up to foreign trade and investment and implementing free market reforms in 1979, China has been among the world's fastest-growing economies, with real annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaging nearly 10% through 2016. In recent years, China has emerged as a major global economic power. It is now the world's largest economy (on a purchasing power parity basis), manufacturer, merchandise trader, and holder of foreign exchange reserves.The global economic crisis that began in 2008 greatly affected China's economy. China's exports, imports, and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows declined, GDP growth slowed, and millions of Chinese workers reportedly lost their jobs. The Chinese government responded by implementing a $586 billion economic stimulus package and loosening monetary policies to increase bank lending. Such policies enabled China to effectively weather the effects of the sharp global fall in demand for Chinese products, but may have contributed to overcapacity in several industries and increased debt by Chinese firms and local government. China's economy has slowed in recent years. Real GDP growth has slowed in each of the past six years, dropping from 10.6% in 2010 to 6.7% in 2016, and is projected to slow to 5.7% by 2022.The Chinese government has attempted to steer the economy to a "new normal" of slower, but more stable and sustainable, economic growth. Yet, concerns have deepened in recent years over the health of the Chinese economy. On August 11, 2015, the Chinese government announced that the daily reference rate of the renminbi (RMB) would become more "market-oriented." Over the next three days, the RMB depreciated against the dollar and led to charges that China's goal was to boost exports to help stimulate the economy (which some suspect is in worse shape than indicated by official Chinese economic statistics). Concerns over the state of the Chinese economy appear to have often contributed to volatility in global stock indexes in recent years.The ability of China to maintain a rapidly growing economy in the long run will likely depend largely on the ability of the Chinese government to implement comprehensive economic reforms that more quickly hasten China's transition to a free market economy; rebalance the Chinese economy by making consumer demand, rather than exporting and fixed investment, the main engine of economic growth; boost productivity and innovation; address growing income disparities; and enhance environmental protection. The Chinese government has acknowledged that its current economic growth model needs to be altered and has announced several initiatives to address various economic challenges. In November 2013, the Communist Party of China held the Third Plenum of its 18th Party Congress, which outlined a number of broad policy reforms to boost competition and economic efficiency. For example, the communique stated that the market would now play a "decisive" role in allocating resources in the economy. At the same time, however, the communique emphasized the continued important role of the state sector in China's economy. In addition, many foreign firms have complained that the business climate in China has worsened in recent years. Thus, it remains unclear how committed the Chinese government is to implementing new comprehensive economic reforms.China's economic rise has significant implications for the United States and hence is of major interest to Congress. This report provides background on China's economic rise; describes its current economic structure; identifies the challenges China faces to maintain economic growth; and discusses the challenges, opportunities, and implications of China's economic rise.
The rise of China is no doubt one of the most important events in world economic history since the Industrial Revolution. Mainstream economics, especially the institutional theory of economic development based on a dichotomy of extractive vs. inclusive political institutions, is highly inadequate in explaining China's rise. This book argues that only a radical reinterpretation of the history of the Industrial Revolution and the rise of the West (as incorrectly portrayed by the institutional theory) can fully explain China's growth miracle and why the determined rise of China is unstoppable despite its current 'backward' financial system and political institutions. Conversely, China's spectacular and rapid transformation from an impoverished agrarian society to a formidable industrial superpower sheds considerable light on the fundamental shortcomings of the institutional theory and mainstream 'blackboard' economic models, and provides more-accurate reevaluations of historical episodes such as Africa's enduring poverty trap despite radical political and economic reforms, Latin America's lost decades and frequent debt crises, 19th century Europe's great escape from the Malthusian trap, and the Industrial Revolution itself.
As economic power diffuses across more countries and China becomes more dependent on the world economy, Chinese leaders are being forced to abandon their largely passive approach to global governance. This report analyzes China’s interests and behavior to evaluate both the recent history of its interactions with the postwar international order and possible future trajectories. It also draws implications from that analysis for future U.S. policy.
China's growing economic involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America has been a source of major controversy. The official Chinese position maintains that the growth of bilateral relations is of mutual benefit and provides a good example of South-South cooperation. Critics on the other hand see the economic relations between China and other developing countries as highly unequal with most of the benefits accruing to China and a few local elites. They also point to negative socio-economic, political, and environmental consequences. How China is Reshaping the Global Economy: Development Impacts in Africa and Latin-America throws more light on these controversies through a comparative study of China's impact on the two regions. It looks not just at bilateral relations between China and the two regions but also analyses the changes in the global economy brought about as a result of the shift in economic activity from North America and Western Europe to Asia. This book looks at the factors which led to rapid economic growth in China and the way in which this has affected global manufacturing, commodity markets, the international presence of Chinese companies, and financial glows. It examines the different forms of Chinese economic involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, the main drivers, and economic, social, political, and environmental consequences. It ends with a comparison of the two regions that highlights the importance of different histories and political and institutional contexts in determining the impacts of China. Since the first edition of How China is Reshaping the Global Economy: Development Impacts in Africa and Latin-America, China's role in the global economy has continued to expand and the Chinese government's foreign policy has become more assertive. The global presence of China has been marked by the expansion of the Belt and Road Initiative to almost 150 countries and the trade-war between the US and China, as well as increased Western concerns over the activities of major Chinese companies such as Huawei. This new edition documents these changes and their implications for SSA and LAC.
China’s trade patterns are evolving. While it started in light manufacturing and the assembly of more sophisticated products as part of global supply chains, China is now moving up the value chain, “onshoring” the production of higher-value-added upstream products and moving into more sophisticated downstream products as well. At the same time, with its wages rising, it has started to exit some lower-end, more labor-intensive sectors. These changes are taking place in the broader context of China’s rebalancing—away from exports and toward domestic demand, and within the latter, away from investment and toward consumption—and as a consequence, demand for some commodity imports is slowing, while consumption imports are slowly rising. The evolution of Chinese trade, investment, and consumption patterns offers opportunities and challenges to low-wage, low-income countries, including China’s neighbors in the Mekong region. Cambodia, Lao P.D.R., Myanmar, and Vietnam (the CLMV) are all open economies that are highly integrated with China. Rebalancing in China may mean less of a role for commodity exports from the region, but at the same time, the CLMV’s low labor costs suggest that manufacturing assembly for export could take off as China becomes less competitive, and as China itself demands more consumption items. Labor costs, however, are only part of the story. The CLMV will need to strengthen their infrastructure, education, governance, and trade regimes, and also run sound macro policies in order to capitalize fully on the opportunities presented by China’s transformation. With such policy efforts, the CLMV could see their trade and integration with global supply chains grow dramatically in the coming years.
China and India are home to one-third of the world's population. And they're undergoing social and economic revolutions that are capturing the best minds--and money--of Western business. In Billions of Entrepreneurs, Tarun Khanna examines the entrepreneurial forces driving China's and India's trajectories of development. He shows where these trajectories overlap and complement one another--and where they diverge and compete. He also reveals how Western companies can participate in this development. Through intriguing comparisons, the author probes important differences between China and India in areas such as information and transparency, the roles of capital markets and talent, public and private property rights, social constraints on market forces, attitudes toward expatriates abroad and foreigners at home, entrepreneurial and corporate opportunities, and the importance of urban and rural communities. He explains how these differences will influence China's and India's future development, what the two countries can learn from each other, and how they will ultimately reshape business, politics, and society in the world around them. Engaging and incisive, this book is a critical resource for anyone working in China or India or planning to do business in these two countries.