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The research project proposed to synthesize new metal complexes with sulfido, disulfido and other types of reactive sulfur ligands, and to explore the joint reactivity of metal and sulfur ligands with hydrogen and organic molecules. The overall objective was to investigate reaction pathways relevant to those observed for the heterogeneous metal sulfide catalysts which promote hydrogen activation, hydrogenation-dehydrogenation of organic substrates, and hydrogenolysis of carbon-heteroatom bonds. Particular emphasis was placed on CpRe derivatives (where Cp might be C5H5 or alkylated versions) so that comparisons could be made with the previously studied CpMo complexes, which showed extensive reactivity at the sulfur ligands. Heterogeneous rhenium sulfides generally show higher catalytic activity than molybdenum sulfides, and this is attributed, in part, to the weaker Re-S bond strength, relative to the moybdenum-sulfur bond. In our studies of discrete Re-sulfide complexes, we have also observed evidence for weaker Re-S bonds relative to the molybdenum systems. In addition we have characterized novel hydrogen activation by rhenium sulfido complexes, as well as carbon-hydrogen, carbon-sulfur and metal sulfur bond cleavage reactions. Hydrogen Activation. The complex Cpà ̄Â?Â[1/2]ReCl2S3 was synthesized in ca 70% yield and characterized by an X-ray diffraction study which confirms that the complex contains a h2-trisulfide ligand. The cyclic voltammogram of Cpà ̄Â?Â[1/2]ReCl2S3 shows a wide window of redox stability with an irreversible reduction wave at à ̄Â?Â[1/2]0.97 V and an irreversible oxidation at +1.03 V vs Fc. Nevertheless, the complex undergoes a facile reaction with hydrogen at 50oC to form H2S and a new dinuclear sulfido bridged rhenium complex. This reaction is of interest because it is the first example of the hydrogenolysis of a discrete metal polysulfide complex to produce H2S, a reaction also observed for heterogeneous rhenium sulfides. The reaction contrasts with those of related Cp-molybdenum complexes with sulfide ligands, which also activate hydrogen, but generally form hydrosulfido products without H2S elimination. C-H and C-S Cleavage Reactions. New mononuclear Cp'Re(dithiolate) complexes such as Cpà ̄Â?Â[1/2]ReCl2(SC2H4S), 1, have been prepared and characterized and have been found to display a very interesting range of reactions. The thermal reaction of 1 involves the dehydrogenation of the alkanedithiolate ligand to form Cp'ReCl2(SCH=CHS), 2 as well as a competing elimination of olefin from the dithiolate ligand in 1. On the basic of kinetic and related studies, the mechanism is proposed to involve a sequential series of reactions. In the first reaction, the olefin extrusion is proposed to produce a reactive Re-disulfide or Re-bis(sulfido) intermediate, CpReCl2S2 which serves as an oxidant for the dithiolate complex 1. The ability of the bis sulfido complex to dehydrogenate hydrocarbons is a unique feature and several additional dehydrogenation reactions with this system have been characterized, including the oxidation of other dithiolate complexes, of tetrahydro-naphthalene and of cyclohexadiene. Precedents for the role of metal sulfides in dehydrogenation reactions have been reported for heterogeneous metal sulfide surfaces. This work has begun to provide information about the electronic and structural features necessary for such reactivity. Carbon Sulfur Bond Formation. When the thermal reaction of 1 was carried out in the presence of excess dry ethene a new reaction was observed in which the dithiolate ligand is displaced by incoming olefin to form the cyclic organic product, 1,4-dithiane. The Re product is identified as Cpà ̄Â?Â[1/2]Re(alkene)Cl2 on the basis of NMR and mass spectroscopic data. Similar reactions with alkynes have been found to form unsaturated 6-membered rings and reactions with 1,3 dithiolate complexes form the organic 7-membered rings. To our knowledge the formation of cyclic bis-thioethers by the reactions of an alkene or alkyne with a discrete dithiolate metal complex has not been reported previously. Conclusions. A series of new rhenium complexes with sulfido, disulfido, and thiolate ligands have been synthesized and characterized. The complexes have shown novel patterns of reactivity at the sulfur ligands that include hydrogen activation and addition, dehydrogenations, and carbon -sulfur bond formation. Systematic studies of sulfur ligand reactivity as the coligands in these rhenium complexes were varied have established electronic features that favor the novel ligand based reactivity. This series of complexes provides a model system for aspects of rhenium-sulfide surface reactivity, and have led to the suggestion of new mechanistic possibilities.
The research project proposed to synthesize new metal complexes with sulfido, disulfido and other types of reactive sulfur ligands, and to explore the joint reactivity of metal and sulfur ligands with hydrogen and organic molecules. The overall objective was to investigate reaction pathways relevant to those observed for the heterogeneous metal sulfide catalysts which promote hydrogen activation, hydrogenation-dehydrogenation of organic substrates, and hydrogenolysis of carbon-heteroatom bonds. Particular emphasis was placed on CpRe derivatives (where Cp might be C5H5 or alkylated versions) so that comparisons could be made with the previously studied CpMo complexes, which showed extensive reactivity at the sulfur ligands. Heterogeneous rhenium sulfides generally show higher catalytic activity than molybdenum sulfides, and this is attributed, in part, to the weaker Re-S bond strength, relative to the moybdenum-sulfur bond. In our studies of discrete Re-sulfide complexes, we have also observed evidence for weaker Re-S bonds relative to the molybdenum systems. In addition we have characterized novel hydrogen activation by rhenium sulfido complexes, as well as carbon-hydrogen, carbon-sulfur and metal sulfur bond cleavage reactions. Hydrogen Activation. The complex Cp{prime}ReCl2S3 was synthesized in ca 70% yield and characterized by an X-ray diffraction study which confirms that the complex contains a {eta}2-trisulfide ligand. The cyclic voltammogram of Cp{prime}ReCl2S3 shows a wide window of redox stability with an irreversible reduction wave at -0.97 V and an irreversible oxidation at +1.03 V vs Fc. Nevertheless, the complex undergoes a facile reaction with hydrogen at 50 C to form H2S and a new dinuclear sulfido bridged rhenium complex. This reaction is of interest because it is the first example of the hydrogenolysis of a discrete metal polysulfide complex to produce H2S, a reaction also observed for heterogeneous rhenium sulfides. The reaction contrasts with those of related Cp-molybdenum complexes with sulfide ligands, which also activate hydrogen, but generally form hydrosulfido products without H2S elimination. C-H and C-S Cleavage Reactions. New mononuclear Cp{prime}Re(dithiolate) complexes such as Cp{prime}ReCl2(SC2H4S), 1, have been prepared and characterized and have been found to display a very interesting range of reactions. The thermal reaction of 1 involves the dehydrogenation of the alkanedithiolate ligand to form Cp{prime}ReCl2(SCH=CHS), 2 as well as a competing elimination of olefin from the dithiolate ligand in 1. On the basic of kinetic and related studies, the mechanism is proposed to involve a sequential series of reactions. In the first reaction, the olefin extrusion is proposed to produce a reactive Re-disulfide or Re-bis(sulfido) intermediate, CpReCl2S2 which serves as an oxidant for the dithiolate complex 1. The ability of the bis sulfido complex to dehydrogenate hydrocarbons is a unique feature and several additional dehydrogenation reactions with this system have been characterized, including the oxidation of other dithiolate complexes, of tetrahydro-naphthalene and of cyclohexadiene. Precedents for the role of metal sulfides in dehydrogenation reactions have been reported for heterogeneous metal sulfide surfaces. This work has begun to provide information about the electronic and structural features necessary for such reactivity. Carbon Sulfur Bond Formation. When the thermal reaction of 1 was carried out in the presence of excess dry ethene a new reaction was observed in which the dithiolate ligand is displaced by incoming olefin to form the cyclic organic product, 1,4-dithiane. The Re product is identified as Cp{prime}Re(alkene)Cl2 on the basis of NMR and mass spectroscopic data. Similar reactions with alkynes have been found to form unsaturated 6-membered rings and reactions with 1,3 dithiolate complexes form the organic 7-membered rings. To our knowledge the formation of cyclic bis-thioethers by the reactions of an alkene or alkyne with a discrete dithiolate metal complex has not been reported previously. Conclusions. A series of new rhenium complexes with sulfido, disulfido, and thiolate ligands have been synthesized and characterized. The complexes have shown novel patterns of reactivity at the sulfur ligands that include hydrogen activation and addition, dehydrogenations, and carbon-sulfur bond formation. Systematic studies of sulfur ligand reactivity as the coligands in these rhenium complexes were varied have established electronic features that favor the novel ligand based reactivity. This series of complexes provides a model system for aspects of rhenium-sulfide surface reactivity, and have led to the suggestion of new mechanistic possibilities.
This thesis presents detailed mechanistic studies on a series of important C-H activation reactions using combined computational methods and mass spectrometry experiments. It also provides guidance on the design and improvement of catalysts and ligands. The reactions investigated include: (i) a nitrile-containing template-assisted meta-selective C-H activation, (ii) Pd/mono-N-protected amino acid (MPAA) catalyzed meta-selective C-H activation, (iii) Pd/MPAA catalyzed asymmetric C-H activation reactions, and (iv) Cu-catalyzed sp3 C-H cross-dehydrogenative-coupling reaction. The book reports on a novel dimeric Pd-M (M = Pd or Ag) model for reaction (i), which successfully explains the meta-selectivity observed experimentally. For reaction (ii), with a combined DFT/MS method, the author successfully reveals the roles of MPAA ligands and a new C-H activation mechanism, which accounts for the improved reactivity and high meta-selectivity and opens new avenues for ligand design. She subsequently applies ion-mobility mass spectrometry to capture and separate the [Pd(MPAA)(substrate)] complex at different stages for the first time, providing support for the internal-base model for reaction (iii). Employing DFT studies, she then establishes a chirality relay model that can be widely applied to MPAA-assisted asymmetric C-H activation reactions. Lastly, for reaction (iv) the author conducts detailed computational studies on several plausible pathways for Cu/O2 and Cu/TBHP systems and finds a reliable method for calculating the single electron transfer (SET) process on the basis of benchmark studies.
Over the past decade, much research effort has been devoted to the design and synthesis of new reagents and catalysts that can influence carbon-hydrogen bond activation, mainly because of the prospect that C−H activation could enable the conversion of cheap and abundant alkanes into valuable functionalized organic compounds. Alkane C-H Activation by Single-Site Metal Catalysis presents the current state-of-the-art development in the catalytic systems for the catalytic trans-formations of alkanes under homogeneous conditions. Chapter 1 offers a comprehensive summary of the main discoveries realized so far. Chapter 2 reviews the so-called electrophilic activation, initiated by Shulpín in the late 60s, and the base for the Catalytica system. Chapter 3 examines the catalytic borylation of alkanes, discovered by Hartwig, whereas chapter 4 provides an updated vision of the alkane dehydrogenation reaction. Chapter 5 covers the oxygenation of C-H bonds, a field of enormous interest with bioinorganic im-plications, and finally chapter 6 presents the functionalization of alkane C-H bonds by carbene or nitrene insertion. The history of C-H bond activation, and the current research described in this book, highlight the current research and present the reader with an outlook of this field which continues to be explored by an increasingly visionary and enthusiastic group of organic, organometallic, biological and physical chemists.
Hydrotreating catalysis with transition metal sulphides is one of the most important areas of industrial heterogeneous catalysis. The present book deals with the chemical and catalytic aspects of transition metal sulphides, focusing on their use in hydrotreating catalysis. The book¿s 12 chapters present reviews of solid-state, coordination and organometallic chemistry, surface science and spectroscopic studies, quantum chemical calculations, catalytic studies with model and real catalysts, as well as refinery processes. A presentation of state-of-the-art background to pertinent work in the field. Can be used as an introduction to the chemical and catalytic properties of transition metal sulphides as well as an advanced level reference.
Provides, in one handbook, comprehensive coverage of one of the hottest topics in stereoselective chemistry Written by leading international authors in the field, this book introduces readers to C-H activation in asymmetric synthesis along with all of its facets. It presents stereoselective C-H functionalization with a broad coverage, from outer-sphere to inner-sphere C-H bond activation, and from the control of olefin geometry to the induction of point, planar and axial chirality. Moreover, methods wherein asymmetry is introduced either during the C-H activation or in a different elementary step are discussed. Presented in two parts?asymmetric activation of C(sp3)-H bonds and stereoselective synthesis implying activation of C(sp2)-H bonds?CH-Activation for Asymmetric Synthesis showcases the diversity of stereogenic elements, which can now be constructed by C-H activation methods. Chapters in Part 1 cover: C(sp3)-H bond insertion by metal carbenoids and nitrenoids; stereoselective C-C bond and C-N bond forming reactions through C(sp3)?H bond insertion of metal nitrenoids; enantioselective intra- and intermolecular couplings; and more. Part 2 looks at: C-H activation involved in stereodiscriminant step; planar chirality; diastereoselective formation of alkenes through C(sp2)?H bond activation; amongst other methods. -Covers one of the most rapidly developing fields in organic synthesis and catalysis -Clearly structured in two parts (activation of sp3- and activation of sp2-H bonds) -Edited by two leading experts in C-H activation in asymmetric synthesis CH-Activation for Asymmetric Synthesis will be of high interest to chemists in academia, as well as those in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industry.
The fields of hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) continue to attract the attention of researchers in the various disciplines connected to these fascinating problems that represent two of the key outstanding chemical challenges for the petroleum refining industry in view of their very strong environmental and commercial implications. One area that has flourished impressively over the last 15 years is the organometallic chemistry of thiophenes and other related sulfur-containing molecules. This has become a powerful method for modeling numerous surface species and reactions implicated in HDS schemes, and nowadays it represents an attractive complement to the standard procedures of surface chemistry and heterogeneous catalysis, for understanding the complex reaction mechanisms involved in this process. Similar developments have begun to appear in connection with HDN mechanisms, although in a much more modest scale and depth. Some years ago when, encouraged by Prof. B. R. James, this book was planned, several excellent reviews and monographs treating different aspects of HDS were already available including some on the subject of organometallic models. However, it seemed appropriate to try to summarize the most striking features of this chemistry in an updated and systematic way, and inasmuch as possible in connection with the common knowledge and beliefs of the mechanisms of heterogeneous HDS catalysis. Hopefully, this attempt to build some conceptual bridges between these two traditionally separated areas of chemistry has met with some success.
Present book provides an insight to the synthesis, characterization and structural analysis of compounds containing nitrogen and sulfur containing chelating agents. Keeping in mind the biological, medicinal, industrial and chelating importance of sulfur (alone) and nitrogen containing donor ligands, two important chelating agents, viz Potassium-2-trithiocarbonatoethyl xanthate (PTEX) and 2-amino-4-benzamido thiosemicarbazide (ABTSC) have been discussed in details w.r.t. their synthesis, characterization and metals complexes. All the possible techniques have been dealt in order to elucidate the structures of the complexes generated.
Pincer Compounds: Chemistry and Applications offers valuable state-of-the-art coverage highlighting highly active areas of research—from mechanistic work to synthesis and characterization. The book focuses on small molecule activation chemistry (particularly H2 and hydrogenation), earth abundant metals (such as Fe), actinides, carbene-pincers, chiral catalysis, and alternative solvent usage. The book covers the current state of the field, featuring chapters from renowned contributors, covering four continents and ranging from still-active pioneers to new names emerging as creative strong contributors to this fascinating and promising area. Over a decade since the publication of Morales-Morales and Jensen’s The Chemistry of Pincer Compounds (Elsevier 2007), research in this unique area has flourished, finding a plethora of applications in almost every single branch of chemistry—from their traditional application as very robust and active catalysts all the way to potential biological and pharmaceutical applications. Describes the chemistry and applications of this important class of organometallic and coordination compounds Includes contributions from global leaders in the field, featuring pioneers in the area as well as emerging experts conducting exciting research on pincer complexes Highlights areas of promising and active research, including small molecule activation, earth abundant metals, and actinide chemistry