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This book explores the character and contours of the Asian Space Powers. At present, Asian states like China, Japan and India are found investing in space technologies with analogous social and scientific and probably with divergent military intents. Other Asian states like Israel, South Korea and Malaysia are also making investments in the space arena. States like Iran and North Korea are faulted for using space launches as a demonstrative tool to achieve strategic objectives. This work examines this entire maze of activities to unearth where these states are making these investments to accomplish their state-specific goal or are they also trying to surpass each other by engaging in competition. Explaining why and how these states are making investments towards achieving their socio-economic and strategic mandate this book infers that the possibility of Asian Space Race exists but is presently fairly diminutive.
This book explores the character and contours of the Asian Space Powers. At present, Asian states like China, Japan and India are found investing in space technologies with analogous social and scientific and probably with divergent military intents. Other Asian states like Israel, South Korea and Malaysia are also making investments in the space arena. States like Iran and North Korea are faulted for using space launches as a demonstrative tool to achieve strategic objectives. This work examines this entire maze of activities to unearth where these states are making these investments to accomplish their state-specific goal or are they also trying to surpass each other by engaging in competition. Explaining why and how these states are making investments towards achieving their socio-economic and strategic mandate this book infers that the possibility of Asian Space Race exists but is presently fairly diminutive.
Guided by genius engineer Hideo Itokawa, Japan’s space program began with small scientific satellites more than 50 years ago. Since then, its space probes have travelled to the Moon, Venus, the asteroids and even a comet. The country launched weather satellites to warn of typhoons, communications satellites to connect the Japanese archipelago and remote sensing technology to observe the Earth and warn of climate change. Engineering technology satellites became the basis of Japan’s electronic industry as Japanese astronauts flew into space, working on their Kibo module on the International Space Station. Now, Japan is one of Asia’s leading space powers, alongside China and India, vying for influence in the region. Its solid and liquid-fueled rockets are estimated to be among the most advanced and reliable in the world, its technology among the best. This book examines the history of Japan’s space program, the country’s current state of development and its future. It describes the extensive infrastructure that has gone into the forging of Japan’s picturesque oceanside launch sites, training centers, testing facilities and tracking stations. This book also outlines the politics of space in Japan, financial difficulties, its space industry, the symbiotic relationship with the United States and the recent sharp change-of-course to invest in military satellites. From the role of influential personalities, such as Hideo Shima and Shinichi Nakasuka, to political leaders, such as Yasuhiro Nakasone and Takeo Kawamura, you will read about how Japan has paved its own star-lit path to space. The future may expect to send Japanese probes to Mercury and the moons of Mars, all while the first Japanese astronauts set foot on our own Moon and drive innovative rovers across its surface.
This book presents the renewing strategic vision and progressive diversification of the Indian space programme at the nexus socio-economic development, commerce and geopolitics. It disentangles India ́s evolving rationales for engaging in space from a wide range of perspectives and provides novel and in-depth assessment of the domestic, regional and international factors influencing the pace and directions of the country’s space programme. The study hence includes an extensive analysis of India’s path forward, including a reflection on the long-term evolution of its civil, military and commercial space efforts, as well as considerations on the toolbox India has at its disposal, on the prospected adaptation of the space ecosystem, and on the implications these evolutions may generate both domestically and internationally. A central part of this final analysis is more specifically devoted to elaborating on the prospects and opportunities for European stakeholders, with the goal of identifying possible domains of closer and mutually beneficial Europe-India space cooperation and sorting out possible elements for a comprehensive European long-term strategy towards India.
Human endeavours in space over the past six decades have reached a stage that just about every facet of human life today has some complement of space capability contributing to it, encompassing the entire spectrum from telecommunications, navigation, weather forecasting, remote sensing, broadcasting and disaster management. Space exploration actually owes its origins to matters military, with civil applications coming about as a by-product. Capability building in space thereafter has witnessed frenzied progress, in the spheres of both the military and the civil/commercial. With an ever increasing number of countries joining the space bandwagon, space is getting congested and competitive. International legislation on space, though well meaning, is largely viewed to be inadequate to address the concerns of equitable access to space and more alarmingly, is reticent on the issue of militarisation and weaponisation. The Indian presence in the global space order is rather significant. Ranking sixth globally in terms of space budget and technological ca pability, India is capable of going beyond its calling. Its multi-dimensional space programme spans almost the entire spectrum from space launch to satellite construction and their employment in a large array of development-centric applications, and in recent years, in missions beyond the Earth. The Mangalyaan mission to Mars currently underway symbolises India’s indigenous technological prowess and is a harbinger of its capability of cementing its status as a responsible space player at the global level. India, thus, stands today, technologically robust and self-reliant – well poised in the global space order to look beyond its domestic charter and address the concerns of the international global community. Space legislation, situational awareness and international cooperation in space security are some of the geostrategic options analysed in this book, which could facilitate Indian positioning in the global space order.
China under Xi Jinping: an Interdisciplinary Assessment offers an overview of reforms and changes that took place in China under Xi Jinping’s administration in years 2012–2022. The book focuses on the impact of Xi’s rule on China’s political system, with special attention given to the features that distinguish Xi from his predecessors. The authors discuss, among others, the Xi Jinping Thought and the nature of his leadership, factors contributing to China’s economic success, the future of the Belt and Road Initiative, China’s response to challenges in terms of security, climate policy, energy transition, pandemics, as well as its ambition to become a global superpower in domains such as space exploration and sports. The volume also analyzes the in fluence that Xi Jinping’s government has exerted on the Chinese state, society, and culture, concentrating on areas such as healthcare, education, politics regarding religion, the evolution of Chinese nationalism, the developments in Chinese cinema, music, language, and even political humor. To understand what characterizes Xi as a politician and how his time in o ffice is reflected in today’s China, experts on China-related matters appear in five parts, or “dimensions” including: political, economic, social, cultural, and foreign policy issues. This publication will spark the readers’ interest in and increase their awareness concerning the developments in the People’s Republic of China under Xi Jinping.
This handbook offers a comprehensive overview of the international relations of South Asia. South Asia as a region is increasingly assuming greater significance in global politics for a host of compelling reasons. This volume offers the most comprehensive collection of perspectives on the international politics of South Asia, and it it covers an extensive range of issues spanning from inter-state wars to migration in the region. Each contribution provides a careful discussion of the four major theoretical approaches to the study of international politics: Realism, Constructivism, Liberalism, and Critical Theory. In turn, the chapters discuss the relevance of each approach to the issue area addressed in the book. The volume offers coverage of the key issues under four thematic sections: - Theoretical Approaches to the Study of the International Relations of South Asia - Traditional and Emerging Security Issues in South Asia - The International Relations of South Asia - Cross-cutting Regional Issues Further, every effort has been made in the chapters to discuss the origins, evolution and future direction of each issue. This book will be of much interest to students of South Asian politics, human security, regional security, and International Relations in general.
When Sultan bin Salman left Earth on the shuttle Discovery in 1985, he became the first Arab, first Muslim and first member of a royal family in space. Twenty-five years later, the discovery of a planet 500 light years away by the Qatar Exoplanet Survey - subsequently named `Qatar-1b' - was evidence of the cutting-edge space science projects taking place across the Middle East. This book identifies the individuals, institutions and national ideologies that enabled Arab astronomers and researchers to gain support for space exploration when Middle East governments lacked interest. Jorg Matthias Determann shows that the conquest of space became associated with national prestige, security, economic growth and the idea of an `Arab renaissance' more generally. Equally important to this success were international collaborations: to benefit from American and Soviet expertise and technology, Arab scientists and officials had to commit to global governance of space and the common interests of humanity. Challenging the view that the golden age of Arabic science and cosmopolitanism was situated in the medieval period, Determann tells the story of the new discoveries and scientific collaborations taking place from the 19th century to the present day. An innovative contribution to Middle East studies and history of science, the book also appeals to increased business, media and political interest in the Arab space industry.
Since the 21st century, China’s rise has become a fact, and People’s Liberation Army has developed rather quickly. Thusso-called China’s military rise has become the most challenging phenomenon in world politics.Regarding to its army building and readiness, many studies have shown that the People’s Liberation Army, in 2020, will form a complete (antiaccess/area denial) capabilities, capable enough to turn China into a great military power in Asia-Pacific.It will have an impact on the Asia-Pacific regional stability, the cross-strait military halance, and under United States re-balance strategy. Under China’s military threat, Taiwan must be innovative in terms of strategic thinking and concept.
"The importance of outer space continues to grow exponentially around the world. As space activities increase and more States becoming spacefaring, or increase their reliance on space services, developing necessary mechanisms for State-to-State interaction on space topics has become an increasing focus of the international community. For many years, UNIDIR efforts have been concentrated on supporting dialogue and discussion on developing the next phases of mechanisms for building an effective space security regime; one that can meet the needs of international community in future interactions on civil, commercial and international security related space issues. To this end, as part of UNIDIR's 'Facilitating the Process for the Development of an International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities' project, UNIDIR developed a series of analytical papers and carried out a series of regional meetings focused on the development of norms of behaviour for outer space activities. Over 150 governmental and non-governmental participants attended UNIDIR's regional seminars with representation from over 50 countries. This level of engagement demonstrates the growing commitment of governments around the world to make progress on developing norms of behaviour that can contribute to the development of a stable, resilient, comprehensive space security regime. This also underlines the importance of inclusive fora where all space actors are engaged. This publication is a compendium of six papers and four seminar reports which provide both analytical thinking and a snapshot of the views and opinions of a wide swathe of space actors--established and emerging, current and future. We would like to thank the European Union for their financial support of this project and the governments of Ethiopia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, and in the context of the ASEAN Regional Forum, Australia and Viet Nam, for their hosting and/or support. UNIDIR will continue to support the international community in all aspects of international dialogue on building agreement on norms of behaviour for outer space activities, including discussions working towards an international code of conduct and other non-legally binding and legally binding initiatives. We hope you find these documents a useful contribution to your thinking and we look forward to continuing to cooperate with all those with space equities in the future. The importance of outer space continues to grow exponentially around the world. As space activities increase and more States becoming spacefaring, or increase their reliance on space services, developing necessary mechanisms for State-to-State interaction on space topics has become an increasing focus of the international community. For many years, UNIDIR efforts have been concentrated on supporting dialogue and discussion on developing the next phases of mechanisms for building an effective space security regime; one that can meet the needs of international community in future interactions on civil, commercial and international security related space issues. To this end, as part of UNIDIR's 'Facilitating the Process for the Development of an International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities' project, UNIDIR developed a series of analytical papers and carried out a series of regional meetings focused on the development of norms of behaviour for outer space activities. Over 150 governmental and non-governmental participants attended UNIDIR's regional seminars with representation from over 50 countries. This level of engagement demonstrates the growing commitment of governments around the world to make progress on developing norms of behaviour that can contribute to the development of a stable, resilient, comprehensive space security regime. This also underlines the importance of inclusive fora where all space actors are engaged. This publication is a compendium of six papers and four seminar reports which provide both analytical thinking and a snapshot of the views and opinions of a wide swathe of space actors--established and emerging, current and future. We would like to thank the European Union for their financial support of this project and the governments of Ethiopia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, and in the context of the ASEAN Regional Forum, Australia and Viet Nam, for their hosting and/or support. UNIDIR will continue to support the international community in all aspects of international dialogue on building agreement on norms of behaviour for outer space activities, including discussions working towards an international code of conduct and other non-legally binding and legally binding initiatives. We hope you find these documents a useful contribution to your thinking and we look forward to continuing to cooperate with all those with space equities in the future."--Page 1.