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"Tea has been one of the most popular commodities in the world. Over centuries, profits from its growth and sales funded wars and fueled colonization, and its cultivation brought about massive changes--in land use, labor systems, market practices, and social hierarchies--the effects of which are with us even today. A Thirst for Empire takes a vast and in-depth historical look at how men and women--through the tea industry in Europe, Asia, North America, and Africa--transformed global tastes and habits and in the process created our modern consumer society. As Erika Rappaport shows, between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries the boundaries of the tea industry and the British Empire overlapped but were never identical, and she highlights the economic, political, and cultural forces that enabled the British Empire to dominate--but never entirely control--the worldwide production, trade, and consumption of tea. Rappaport delves into how Europeans adopted, appropriated, and altered Chinese tea culture to build a widespread demand for tea in Britain and other global markets and a plantation-based economy in South Asia and Africa. Tea was among the earliest colonial industries in which merchants, planters, promoters, and retailers used imperial resources to pay for global advertising and political lobbying. The commercial model that tea inspired still exists and is vital for understanding how politics and publicity influence the international economy ..."--Jacket.
Preliminary Material --Contributors /S. Lock, L. A. Reynolds and E. M. Tansey --Introduction /Stephen Lock --Webs of Drug Dependence: Towards a Political History of Tobacco /Jordan Goodman --'A Microbe of the Devil's Own Make': Religion and Science in the British Anti-Tobacco Movement, 1853-1908 /Matthew Hilton and Simon Nightingale --The Moral Symbolism of Tobacco in Dutch Genre Painting /David Harley --Tobacco and Victorian Literature /Hugh Cockerell --Pushing the Weed: The Editorializing and Advertising of Tobacco in the Lancet and the British Medical Journal, 1880-1958 /Peter Bartrip --The First Reports on Smoking and Lung Cancer /Richard Doll --Science and Policy: The Case of Postwar British Smoking Policy /Virginia Berridge --Blow Some My Way: Passive Smoking, Risk and American Culture /Allan M. Brandt --Smoking and the Royal College of Physicians /Christopher C. Booth --Ashes to Ashes: Witness on Smoking /Francis Avery Jones --The Story of the Reports on Smoking and Health by the Royal College of Physicians /Charles Fletcher --ASH: Witness on Smoking /David Simpson --Austin Bradford Hill and the Nobel Prize /John Crofton --Horace Joules' Role in the Control of Cigarette Smoking /Keith Ball --The History of the Norwegian Ban on Tobacco Advertising /Kjell Bjartveit --Concluding Remarks /Roy Porter --Index /S. Lock, L. A. Reynolds and E. M. Tansey.
Originally published in 1987, this volume examines the ideals and realities of river use in 19th Century Britain and the failure of legal and technological remedies for river pollution. It deals with the involvement of scientists, particularly chemists, in pollution inquiries and considers the effects on the normal workings of the scientific community of scientists’ participation in the adversary forums in which water and sewage policy was made. It discusses 19th ideas of decomposition, disease causation and purification and examines the gap between the abilities of science and the needs of society that developed as the existence of water-borne disease became increasingly clear. It also deals with the politicization of water bacteriology and the emergence of a technology of biological sewage treatment from a political context.
Future historians will wonder why, despite the risks, society persisted in its warm relationship with the cigarette; by the end of the century global consumption was still rising. The 1995 symposium at the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine not only examined tobacco's connection with health, but the varied attitudes towards smoking, which have included regarding it as ‘manly', relaxing, fashionable - and decadent. A particular feature was a witness seminar attended not only by those who had made the initial discovery but by those with a crucial role in promoting public awareness of the dangers. And, as shown in this book, we still cannot escape the paradox that, while a considerable proportion of a country's population is hooked on the cigarette, the tobacco industry and the government are equally addicted to the profits and tax revenues it generates.
As a food, milk has been revered and ignored, respected and feared. In the face of its 'material resistance', attempts were made to purify it of dirt and disease, and to standardize its fat content. This is a history of the struggle to bring milk under control, to manipulate its naturally variable composition and, as a result, to redraw the boundaries between nature and society. Peter Atkins follows two centuries of dynamic and intriguing food history, shedding light on the resistance of natural products to the ordering of science. After this look at the stuff in foodstuffs, it is impossible to see the modern diet in the same way again.