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The notice period given to convertible bondholders affects the optimal call policy for convertible bonds. After accounting for the notice period, convertible bonds in our sample would have been optimally called when the stock was at about an 11% premium (median) relative to the conversion price. We find that convertible bonds are, on average, not called later than optimal. The average (median) excess call premium is only 2.65% (1.71%) for those bonds without binding call protection. These values are statistically indistinguishable from zero and are substantially less than the 26%-44% call premium found by previous researchers.
Starting with Ingersoll (1977b), the academic literature has repeatedly sought to explain why convertible bonds are called late. The findings here demonstrate there is no call delay to explain. This paper finds that most convertible bonds, given their call protection, are called as soon as possible. For those that are not, there are significant cash flow advantages to delaying. The median call delay for all convertible bonds is less than four months. If a safety premium is desired to assure the conversion value will exceed the call price at the end of call notice period, the median call period is less than a month.
The fourth edition of Corporate Finance takes an applied approach to cover all the latest research and topic areas important to students taking Finance courses. The new edition provides an international perspective on all areas of corporate finance and has been updated to include discussion on current trends such as the rise of populism and trade barriers on international finance, the advent of Financial Technology, and key regulatory changes impacting the sector. Understanding and Application •Clear, user-friendly style •Example boxes in every chapter provide hypothetical examples to illustrate theoretical concepts such as cash flow timing, dividend smoothing and differential growth. •Real World Insight boxes use real companies like Siemens, Avast and Adidas to show how they have applied corporate finance theories and concepts to their businesses and business decisions. •Chapter links in the margin provide quick cross-referencing to show students the connections between topics. Practice and Proficiency •Mini and Practical cases present scenarios and questions to practice applying what you have learnt. •Rigorous testing: between 30 and 40 Questions and Problems per chapter are categorised by topic and level of difficulty. •Numbered maths equations and key notation boxes listing the variables and acronyms that will be encountered in each chapter, designed to encourage mastery of Maths. •Exam Questions designed to take 45 minutes and test you on material learned in a more formal exam style. •Connect® resources include algorithmic questions designed to ensure equations and calculations are not learned by rote but by thorough understanding and practice New to This Edition •Updated discussions on peer-to-peer trading, cash flow forecasting methods, import/export partners and additional investment appraisal methods •Updated chapters on corporate governance to reflect global changes, efficient markets and mergers and acquisition to reflect new research, financial distress to reflect new data with discussion on trends and insolvencies and fully updated chapter on Leasing to reflect new IFRS standards •New section on Modified Internal Rate of Return and Margin of Safety in Investment Appraisal, Net Asset Value, Islamic Financing, and alternatives to CAPM to reflect research developments • NEW: This edition has now been updated with 8 new videos that covers a worked example from the text and each video has associated concept check questions. The videos are now available on Connect® and cover: • Chapter 1 & 2: Introduction to Finance and Corporate Governance • Chapter 5: Long-Term Financing • Chapter 6: Investment Appraisal • Chapter 9 & 10: Risk and Return • Chapter 15 and 16: Equity and Debt Valuation • Chapter 20: Advanced Capital Budgeting • Chapter 21: Dividends • Chapter 22: Options David Hillier is Associate Principal and Executive Dean of the University of Strathclyde Business School. A Professor of Finance, David was recognized as being in the top 3 per cent of the most prolific finance researchers in the world over the past 50 years (Heck and Cooley, 2009) and appears regularly in the media as a business commentator.
Written by leading market risk academic, Professor Carol Alexander, Pricing, Hedging and Trading Financial Instruments forms part three of the Market Risk Analysis four volume set. This book is an in-depth, practical and accessible guide to the models that are used for pricing and the strategies that are used for hedging financial instruments, and to the markets in which they trade. It provides a comprehensive, rigorous and accessible introduction to bonds, swaps, futures and forwards and options, including variance swaps, volatility indices and their futures and options, to stochastic volatility models and to modelling the implied and local volatility surfaces. All together, the Market Risk Analysis four volume set illustrates virtually every concept or formula with a practical, numerical example or a longer, empirical case study. Across all four volumes there are approximately 300 numerical and empirical examples, 400 graphs and figures and 30 case studies many of which are contained in interactive Excel spreadsheets available from the the accompanying CD-ROM . Empirical examples and case studies specific to this volume include: Duration-Convexity approximation to bond portfolios, and portfolio immunization; Pricing floaters and vanilla, basis and variance swaps; Coupon stripping and yield curve fitting; Proxy hedging, and hedging international securities and energy futures portfolios; Pricing models for European exotics, including barriers, Asians, look-backs, choosers, capped, contingent, power, quanto, compo, exchange, ‘best-of’ and spread options; Libor model calibration; Dynamic models for implied volatility based on principal component analysis; Calibration of stochastic volatility models (Matlab code); Simulations from stochastic volatility and jump models; Duration, PV01 and volatility invariant cash flow mappings; Delta-gamma-theta-vega mappings for options portfolios; Volatility beta mapping to volatility indices.
The fifth European edition of Corporate Finance takes an applied approach to cover all the latest research and topic areas important to students taking Finance courses. The new edition provides an international perspective on all areas of corporate finance and has been updated to include discussion on current trends such as the integrated nature of global supply chains, financial risk management, and key regulatory changes impacting the sector. It addresses the impact that FinTech, the climate and geopolitics are having on the development of corporate finance, considers the questions brought about by the global corona virus pandemic, and looks to the future of the industry. Understanding and Application •Clear, user-friendly style •Example boxes in every chapter provide hypothetical examples to illustrate theoretical concepts such as cash flow timing, dividend smoothing and differential growth. •Real World Insight boxes use companies like Apple, Volkswagen and Adidas to show how they have applied corporate finance theories and concepts to their business decisions. •Chapter links throughout provide quick cross-referencing to show the connections between topics. Practice and Proficiency •Mini and Practical cases present scenarios and questions to practice application and learning. •Questions and Problems in each chapter, categorised by topic and level of difficulty, allow for rigorous testing of the chapter content. •Numbered maths equations and key notation boxes listing the variables and acronyms that will be encountered in each chapter, designed to encourage mastery of Maths. •Exam Questions designed to take 45 minutes and test you on material learned in a more formal exam style. •Connect® resources include algorithmic questions designed to ensure equations and calculations are not learned by rote but by thorough understanding and practice. New to This Edition •Sustainability in Action boxes draw on issues relating to the environment, society, the economy and climate change to show how corporate finance is so important to the resolution of sustainability challenges. •Updated discussions and new sections on sustainable value added, green bonds, dividend policy and share repurchases, Islamic Financing, intangible valuation, and the differential value method. Available on McGraw Hill’s Connect®, the well-established online learning platform, which features our award-winning adaptive reading experience as well as resources to help faculty and institutions improve student outcomes and course delivery efficiency. To learn more, visit mheducation.co.uk/connect David Hillier is Associate Principal and Executive Dean of the University of Strathclyde Business School. A Professor of Finance, David was recognized as being in the top 3 per cent of the most prolific finance researchers in the world over the past 50 years (Heck and Cooley, 2009) and appears regularly in the media as a business commentator. His YouTube channel of finance lectures (professordavidhillier) has attracted nearly half a million views worldwide. This European edition is originally based on the Corporate Finance text by Stephen A. Ross, Randolph W. Westerfield, Jeffrey F. Jaffe, and Bradford D. Jordan.
This is a complete guide to the pricing and risk management of convertible bond portfolios. Convertible bonds can be complex because they have both equity and debt like features and new market entrants will usually find that they have either a knowledge of fixed income mathematics or of equity derivatives and therefore have no idea how to incorporate credit and equity together into their existing pricing tools. Part I of the book covers the impact that the 2008 credit crunch has had on the markets, it then shows how to build up a convertible bond and introduces the reader to the traditional convertible vocabulary of yield to put, premium, conversion ratio, delta, gamma, vega and parity. The market of stock borrowing and lending will also be covered in detail. Using an intuitive approach based on the Jensen inequality, the authors will also show the advantages of using a hybrid to add value - pre 2008, many investors labelled convertible bonds as 'investing with no downside', there are of course plenty of 2008 examples to prove that they were wrong. The authors then go onto give a complete explanation of the different features that can be embedded in convertible bond. Part II shows readers how to price convertibles. It covers the different parameters used in valuation models: credit spreads, volatility, interest rates and borrow fees and Maturity. Part III covers investment strategies for equity, fixed income and hedge fund investors and includes dynamic hedging and convertible arbitrage. Part IV explains the all important risk management part of the process in detail. This is a highly practical book, all products priced are real world examples and numerical examples are not limited to hypothetical convertibles. It is a must read for anyone wanting to safely get into this highly liquid, high return market.
When an American warrant or convertible bond is called by its issuer, the holder is usually given a notice period to decide either selling the derivative back to the issuer at the call price or exercising the conversion right. Several earlier papers have shown that such notice period requirement may substantially affect the optimal call policy adopted by the issuer. In this paper, we perform theoretical studies on the impact of the notice period requirement on issuer's optimal call policy for American warrants and convertible bonds. We also examine how the optimal call policy of the issuer interacts with holder's optimal conversion policy.
In this paper, we offer a theoretical explanation for the empirical puzzle that convertible bonds are called too late or too early. Contrary to the literature, we do not assume frictions to explain the observed call behavior. Instead, we assume that the firm has issued in addition to stock and convertible bonds, also straight bonds. This seemingly innocuous extension has the important consequence that a conversion can cause a wealth transfer from the stockholders to the bondholders. This wealth transfer changes the analysis and results of the seminal papers by Ingersoll (1977a) and Brennan/Schwartz (1977) substantially. First, the value of a convertible bond can no longer be determined by option-pricing methods. The strategic behavior of the convertible bond holders requires a game-theoretical analysis. Second, the negative effect of an enforced conversion on the stockholders can be avoided by calling the bonds too late. Third, a positive wealth transfer can also be produced by calling the bond too early.