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Excerpt from Archives of Psychology That each individual fluctuates in ability from moment to moment is as obvious an observation as that individuals differ from each other. His tendency to vary from his own level of perform ance is as characteristic of each person as is the level from which he varies. A person becomes successively stronger and weaker, more and less intelligent, better and worse. In short, his powers wax and wane as the complex influences playing upon him from within and without change in number, intensity, and direction. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Excerpt from Archives of Psychology, Vol. 2: 1908-11 In the pages which follow are presented some data relating to the problem of the hearing of primitive peoples. The study was made in connection with other experiments on the inferior races at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904. During the period of the Exposition, the writer, in the capacity of Assistant Superintendent of the Sections of Anthropometry and Psychometry, under the Division of Anthropology, in cooperation with Dr. (now Professor) R. S. Woodworth, who was his immediately superior officer, was commissioned to make a study, so far as practicable, of the mental and physical status of the alien races stationed on the Exposition grounds. In the arrangements for the tests, the entire problem of the hearing of these people was assigned to me - the ways and means of testing their hearing, together with the turn and scope the particular study of hearing should take. When it came to the question of selecting the tests to be made, there was little of historical precedent to aid in making a choice. Dr. Charles Myers, in the only extended report on the hearing of primitive peoples extant, had examined three phases of hearing, namely: (1) The upper threshold of pitch, (2) the acuity for tones of medium pitch, and (3) the perception of interval. In addition to these three tests, a number of others, which might have brought out interesting and instructive results, suggested themselves to me. These related to space perception, tone memory and imagery, and clang preferences. The scope of our work, however, was subject to certain definite limitations. In all, there were stationed at the Exposition in one capacity or another, something like one thousand individuals of various races, whom it might be possible to measure. There were two of us to carry on the work. One of two alternatives, consequently, must be pursued, (a) to restrict the number of measurements which should be made of each individual or (b) to confine the measurements to a few representative individuals and races. We chose the first in the hope that with relatively large groups some fairly definite information could be obtained. In consequence of this limitation of the number of measurements, it was thought advisable to confine the number of tests of hearing to three or four. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Excerpt from Archives of Psychology, Vol. 5 The test materials were contained in a wood-lined corrugated paper box, 14 by 16 by 2 inches, with a wood partition through the middle as shown in the illustration, Fig. 1. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Excerpt from Archives of Psychology, Vol. 6: 1917-1921 E. L. Thorndike, H. L. Hollingworth, and Dr. A. T. Poffenberger of Columbia University, is very great. To my friend Charles E. Martin, I am indebted for valuable suggestions and criticisms in the preparation of the manuscript. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Excerpt from Archives of Psychology, Vol. 7 The present study has undertaken to investigate to what extent the average individual is able to identify notes, and to what degree his initial ability may be improved by training. By an analysis of the introspective reports given at these tests and a comparison of these reports with the objective results, it is possible that some light may be thrown on the general problem of judgments of absolute tone. Historical Survey A review of the literature on this prob lem brings out many casual observations of the ability, many speculations as to its nature and its relation to other abilities and to practice effects, and also a number of systematic studies in this field. Stumpf1 writes as early as 1883 that he believes the indi vidual differences in memory for pitch to be due to such varia ble factors as practice effects, general retentiveness and a cer tain inexplainable individual coefficient. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Excerpt from Archives of Psychology, 1906-08, Vol. 1 The history of the localization of brain functions is made up of contradictory results, recrimination and speculation. Philosophers and theologians combatted the attempts to understand the workings of the brain, and not until about 1860 did belief and dogma give way to a general spirit of investigation. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Excerpt from Trial-and-Error, Gradual Analysis, and Sudden Reorganization: An Experimental Study of Problem Solving; Archives of Psychology A, B, C, D and E respectively (see the diagrams) all but B were based at least partly on the diagonal principle, i.e., the apparently straight edges were to be used on the diagonal, and vice versa. All except E were based also on the circular principle, that is, the pieces were to be used pin-wheel fashion. Since they were so presented as to avoid suggesting these principles of construction, and in the case of the diagonal principle to suggest the opposite, these factors con tributed to the necessity for finding a roundabout path to Solution. The pieces were cut to specification out of bristol board and lacquered black on both sides. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Excerpt from Archives of Psychology, Vol. 8 The ancient and medieval schools of medicine were dom inated by two theories, one that human lives were influenced by the planets and the other that an diseases were due to the excess or defect of one of the four humors - yellow bile or choler, black bile, blood and phlegm.81 These physicians have left records that showed them to be shrewd observers, the evidence of recent times going far to confirm their observa tions that mental qualities do tend to occur in groups, the total mental constitution of a man being termed his tempera ment. Though a temperament is not always present in its purity or in a high degree, yet where it is present, the person who possesses it presents a likeness in mental characteristics to another such as is rarely presented by the different mem bers of a single family. According to Davenport8 temperament is inherited, periodic outbursts of violent temper being a Mendelian dominant. He has worked out formulae for expressing the possibilities in the inheritance of choleric, cheerful, phlegmatic, melancholic and nervous temperaments and their various combinations. A. In recent years much prominence has been given to the part played by the bodily states in producing exciting emotion. The evident connection between the visceral disturbances and the psychic states is admitted by practically all but there is division of opinion as to the manner of connection. This sug gests at once the theory of James,15 which is that the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact and that the feeling of these same changes as they occur is the emotion. Lange and Sergi23 hold that the basis of all feeling and emotion is physiological, visceral and organic and is located in the vasomotor system. Sherrington23 made some tests of this View by experiment. He chose for his subject a markedly temperamental dog and made spinal and vagal transections which cut off completely and immediately the sensation of the viscera and of the skin and muscles beyond the shoulder. The procedure at the same time cut from connection with consciousness the whole of the circulatory apparatus of the body. As a result of careful experimenting on the dog in this condition he concludes: We may with James accept visceral and organic sensations and the memories and associations of them as contributory to primitive emotions but we must regard them as reinforcing rather than initiating the psychosis. Organic and vascular reaction, though not the actual excitant of emotion, strength ens it. He further states that we are forced back toward the likelihood that visceral expression of emotion is secondary to the central action occurring with the psychical state. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Excerpt from The Overcoming of Distraction and Other Resistances, Vol. 24: Archives of Psychology, No; 35, February, 1916 In the spring of 1913, the writer of this monograph began some minor investigations concerning the effect of disturbances of various sorts upon mental work. These preliminary experiments led to the attack of the problem on a broader basis. The quality and quantity of the work done in the first experiments showed little or no effect from the disturbances, but before concluding that such disturbances were entirely uninfluential we determined to give the thing a more thorough test. The apparatus used in the beginning required a short intermission between each minute of work; a new mechanism was therefore devised that would permit constant work for an indefinite period. As the disturbances had been comparatively weak, it was decided to use as severe disturbances as could be gotten and then after we had discovered the effect of these to reduce the intensity. As will appear later, any reduction proved unnecessary and useless. Finally we determined if no effect could be discovered in the time and accuracy records to use any test available to ascertain if there was any effect at all from disturbing influences. Such a test as we proposed required rather elaborate and very accurate apparatus and so we need make no apology for the somewhat lengthy and detailed description of it. Its construction occupied a period of six months, but after once completed was of such a nature that it gave perfect satisfaction and the records throughout are highly reliable. After our work on the main part of the problem, experiments of a different nature were carried on to corroborate the conclusions reached. The apparatus for these was simple and will be described briefly in connection with the experiments. The work was completed in the fall of 1915. It is with great pleasure that we acknowledge the advice and encouragement received from Professors Woodworth and Cattell and Dr. Poffenberger. We wish also to thank those who were so kind as to work as subjects under conditions that were far from inviting. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.