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This text describes a conceptual framework for analyzing the performance of PLL frequency synthesizers, and presents optimization procedures for the different performance aspects. It contains basic information and in-depth knowledge, widely illustrated with practical design examples used in industrial products.
A frequency synthesizer is one of the most critical building blocks in any wireless transceiver system. Its design is getting more and more challenging as the demand for low-voltage low-power high-frequency wireless systems continuously grows. As the supply voltage is decreased, many existing design techniques are no longer applicable. This book provides the reader with architectures and design techniques to enable CMOS frequency synthesizers to operate at low supply voltage at high frequency with good phase noise and low power consumption. In addition to updating the reader on many of these techniques in depth, this book will also introduce useful guidelines and step-by-step procedure on behaviour simulations of frequency synthesizers. Finally, three successfully demonstrated CMOS synthesizer prototypes with detailed design consideration and description will be elaborated to illustrate potential applications of the architectures and design techniques described. For engineers, managers and researchers working in radio-frequency integrated-circuit design for wireless applications.
A frequency synthesizer is an electronic system for generating any of a range of frequencies from a single fixed oscillator. They are found in modern devices like radio receivers, mobile phones, and GPS systems. This comprehensive resource offers RF and microwave engineers a thorough overview of both well-established and recently developed frequency synthesizer design techniques. Professionals find expert guidance on all design aspects, including main architectures, key building blocks, and practical circuit implementation. Engineers learn the development process and gain a solid understanding of how to build a synthesizer from a basic diagram to the final product.Starting with a simple single-loop PLL example, the book progressively examines various alternatives -- fractional-N, DDS, frequency offset, multiloop and more OCo to achieve required performance objectives. This unique volume gathers a collection of block diagrams, clever circuits, design recipes, and other hard-to-find information that is usually treated as OC design secretsOCO. Written in a simple yet rigorous style with numerous illustrations, the book is an all-in-one reference for both beginner and experienced designers.
A new and innovative paradigm for RF frequency synthesis and wireless transmitter design Learn the techniques for designing and implementing an all-digital RF frequency synthesizer. In contrast to traditional RF techniques, this innovative book sets forth digitally intensive design techniques that lead the way to the development of low-cost, low-power, and highly integrated circuits for RF functions in deep submicron CMOS processes. Furthermore, the authors demonstrate how the architecture enables readers to integrate an RF front-end with the digital back-end onto a single silicon die using standard ASIC design flow. Taking a bottom-up approach that progressively builds skills and knowledge, the book begins with an introduction to basic concepts of frequency synthesis and then guides the reader through an all-digital RF frequency synthesizer design: Chapter 2 presents a digitally controlled oscillator (DCO), which is the foundation of a novel architecture, and introduces a time-domain model used for analysis and VHDL simulation Chapter 3 adds a hierarchical layer of arithmetic abstraction to the DCO that makes it easier to operate algorithmically Chapter 4 builds a phase correction mechanism around the DCO such that the system's frequency drift or wander performance matches that of the stable external frequency reference Chapter 5 presents an application of the all-digital RF synthesizer Chapter 6 describes the behavioral modeling and simulation methodology used in design The final chapter presents the implementation of a full transmitter and experimental results. The novel ideas presented here have been implemented and proven in two high-volume, commercial single-chip radios developed at Texas Instruments: Bluetooth and GSM. While the focus of the book is on RF frequency synthesizer design, the techniques can be applied to the design of other digitally assisted analog circuits as well. This book is a must-read for students and engineers who want to learn a new paradigm for RF frequency synthesis and wireless transmitter design using digitally intensive design techniques.
The new edition of the leading resource on designing digital frequency synthesizers from microwave and wireless applications, fully updated to reflect the most modern integrated circuits and semiconductors Microwave and Wireless Synthesizers: Theory and Design, Second Edition, remains the standard text on the subject by providing complete and up-to-date coverage of both practical and theoretical aspects of modern frequency synthesizers and their components. Featuring contributions from leading experts in the field, this classic volume describes loop fundamentals, noise and spurious responses, special loops, loop components, multiloop synthesizers, and more. Practical synthesizer examples illustrate the design of a high-performance hybrid synthesizer and performance measurement techniques—offering readers clear instruction on the various design steps and design rules. The second edition includes extensively revised content throughout, including a modern approach to dealing with the noise and spurious response of loops and updated material on digital signal processing and architectures. Reflecting today’s technology, new practical and validated examples cover a combination of analog and digital synthesizers and hybrid systems. Enhanced and expanded chapters discuss implementations of direct digital synthesis (DDS) architectures, the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), crystal and other high-Q based oscillators, arbitrary waveform generation, vector signal generation, and other current tools and techniques. Now requiring no additional literature to be useful, this comprehensive, one-stop resource: Provides a fully reviewed, updated, and enhanced presentation of microwave and wireless synthesizers Presents a clear mathematical method for designing oscillators for best noise performance at both RF and microwave frequencies Contains new illustrations, figures, diagrams, and examples Includes extensive appendices to aid in calculating phase noise in free-running oscillators, designing VHF and UHF oscillators with CAD software, using state-of-the-art synthesizer chips, and generating millimeter wave frequencies using the delay line principle Containing numerous designs of proven circuits and more than 500 relevant citations from scientific journal and papers, Microwave and Wireless Synthesizers: Theory and Design, Second Edition, is a must-have reference for engineers working in the field of radio communication, and the perfect textbook for advanced electri
In this book, the authors outline detailed design methodology for fast frequency hopping synthesizers for RF and wireless communications applications. There is great emphasis on fractional-N delta-sigma based phase locked loops from specifications, system analysis and architecture planning to circuit design and silicon implementation. The developed techniques in the book can help in designing very low noise, high speed fractional-N frequency synthesizers.
Wireless Receiver Architectures and Design presents the various designs and architectures of wireless receivers in the context of modern multi-mode and multi-standard devices. This one-stop reference and guide to designing low-cost low-power multi-mode, multi-standard receivers treats analog and digital signal processing simultaneously, with equal detail given to the chosen architecture and modulating waveform. It provides a complete understanding of the receiver‘s analog front end and the digital backend, and how each affects the other. The book explains the design process in great detail, starting from an analysis of requirements to the choice of architecture and finally to the design and algorithm development. The advantages and disadvantages of each wireless architecture and the suitability to a standard are given, enabling a better choice of design methodology, receiver lineup, analog block, and digital algorithm for a particular architecture. Whether you are a communications engineer working in system architecture and waveform design, an RF engineer working on noise and linearity budget and line-up analysis, a DSP engineer working on algorithm development, or an analog or digital design engineer designing circuits for wireless transceivers, this book is your one-stop reference and guide to designing low-cost low-power multi-mode multi-standard receivers. The material in this book is organized and presented to lead you from applied theory to practical design with plenty of examples and case studies drawn from modern wireless standards. Provides a complete description of receiver architectures together with their pros and cons, enabling a better choice of design methodology Covers the design trade-offs and algorithms between the analog front end and the digital modem – enabling an end-to-end design approach Addresses multi-mode multi-standard low-cost, low-power radio design – critical for producing the applications for Smart phones and portable internet devices
The increasingly demanding performance requirements of communications systems, as well as problems posed by the continued scaling of silicon technology, present numerous challenges for the design of frequency synthesizers in modern transceivers. This book contains everything you need to know for the efficient design of frequency synthesizers for today's communications applications. If you need to optimize performance and minimize design time, you will find this book invaluable. Using an intuitive yet rigorous approach, the authors describe simple analytical methods for the design of phase locked loop (PLL) frequency synthesizers using scaled silicon CMOS and bipolar technologies. The entire design process, from system-level specification to layout, is covered comprehensively. Practical design examples are included, and implementation issues are addressed. A key problem-solving resource for practitioners in IC design, the book will also be of interest to researchers and graduate students in electrical engineering.
Abstract: PLL (Phase-Locked Loop) frequency synthesizers are used in wireless transceivers for frequency conversion. Recent directions in PLL frequency synthesizer research and development are to fully integrate PLL synthesizers in CMOS technology, to improve phase noise performance, and to operate wide range of frequency bands and channel bandwidths. Fully integration of synthesizers in CMOS technology is desired for low cost, low power consumption and small size in mobile wireless terminals. Low phase noise is required by digital modulation techniques which have been used in new mobile standards for the efficient use of the frequency spectrum. Operation over a wide range of frequency bands and channel bandwidths are required to support migration and backward compatibility in the wireless standard evolution. This work investigates the PLL frequency synthesizer design and implementation in CMOS technology with focus on integration of wideband VCOs (Voltage-Controlled Oscillators). Phase noise of a PLL synthesizer is a major design parameter. A PLL noise model is developed for noise optimization purposes. Wideband RF VCO design with sub-bands is investigated. Frequency planning, synthesizer architecture and technology considerations are also explored for wideband VCO design. Band switching techniques VCO tuning range presented. Active VCO circuit topologies and resonator design are also presented. The PLL frequency synthesizers are designed and implemented for a multi-band/standard(IEEE 802.11a/b/g) WLAN radio in 0.18um CMOS. Phase noise trade-offs for PLL design are explored in this application. Development and design of a wideband VCO for this application is also presented. An auto calibration circuit is developed for VCO tuning band selection. Another application of the wideband PLL frequency synthesizer is designed and implemented for a fully integrated dual-mode frequency synthesizer for GSM and WCDMA standards in 0.5um CMOS. A hybrid integer-N/fractional-N architecture is developed to meet the multi-standard requirements. Design and implementation of high performance RF VCO depends on the RF models of the devices. RF CMOS characterization and modeling techniques are explored. Microwave wafer measurement and calibration techniques are also investigated for CMOS technology.