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Airborne laser scanning (ALS) has emerged as one of the most promising remote sensing technologies to provide data for research and operational applications in a wide range of disciplines related to management of forest ecosystems. This book provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art review of the research and application of ALS in a broad range of forest-related disciplines, especially forest inventory and forest ecology. However, this book is more than just a collection of individual contributions – it consists of a well-composed blend of chapters dealing with fundamental methodological issues and contributions reviewing and illustrating the use of ALS within various domains of application. The reviews provide a comprehensive and unique overview of recent research and applications that researchers, students and practitioners in forest remote sensing and forest ecosystem assessment should consider as a useful reference text.
This guidance is designed to help those intending to use airborne laser scanning (ALS), also known as lidar, for archaeological survey. The aim is to help archaeologists, researchers and those who manage the historic environment to decide first, whether using lidar data will actually be beneficial in terms of their research aims, and second, how the data can be used effectively. The guidance will be most useful to those who have access to data that have already been commissioned, or are planning to commission lidar for a specific purpose. They also provide an introduction to data interpretation in order to separate archaeological and non-archaeological features. Although important themes are introduced, this guidance are not intended as a definitive explanation of the technique or the complexities of acquiring and processing the raw data, particularly as this is a still developing technology. This document is intended to complement 3D Laser Scanning for Heritage, which covers a wider range of uses of laser scanning for heritage purposes (Historic England 2018). This Guidance is a revision of The Light Fantastic: Using Airborne Lidar in Archaeological Surveypublished by English Heritage in 2010. The text has largely been maintained except for certain areas where major changes have occurred in the ensuing years. This is particularly true with regard to increased access to data and the wide range of visualisation techniques now available. The case studies have also been updated to reflect more recent survey activity and to include examples from outside Historic England.
Author's abstract: American Civil War earthwork fortifications have the potential to provide researchers and the public a glimpse into the battles and strategies employed by Union and Confederate forces in throughout the conflict. With the ever increasing threat of losing these sites, the need to quickly and efficiently locate and map these fortifications is paramount. Airborne LiDAR, Light Detection and Ranging, scanning provides researchers with the unique opportunity to remotely visualize topographic data under forested areas. Starting in the mid 1900's state and federal agencies began collecting this data and making it freely available to the public. This research seeks to explore the possibility of employing this data as a means of locating fortifications and mapping their associated features using a GIS process that can be easily adopted by a broad user base with minimal GIS skills.
Ideal for both undergraduate and graduate students in the fields of geography, forestry, ecology, geographic information science, remote sensing, and photogrammetric engineering, LiDAR Remote Sensing and Applications expertly joins LiDAR principles, data processing basics, applications, and hands-on practices in one comprehensive source. The LiDAR data within this book is collected from 27 areas in the United States, Brazil, Canada, Ghana, and Haiti and includes 183 figures created to introduce the concepts, methods, and applications in a clear context. It provides 11 step-by-step projects predominately based on Esri’s ArcGIS software to support seamless integration of LiDAR products and other GIS data. The first six projects are for basic LiDAR data visualization and processing and the other five cover more advanced topics: from mapping gaps in mangrove forests in Everglades National Park, Florida to generating trend surfaces for rock layers in Raplee Ridge, Utah. Features Offers a comprehensive overview of LiDAR technology with numerous applications in geography, forestry and earth science Gives necessary theoretical foundations from all pertinent subject matter areas Uses case studies and best practices to point readers to tools and resources Provides a synthesis of ongoing research in the area of LiDAR remote sensing technology Includes carefully selected illustrations and data from the authors' research projects Before every project in the book, a link is provided for users to download data
Ever since the invention of laser by Schawlow and Townes in 1958, various innovative ideas of laser-based applications emerge very year. At the same time, scientists and engineers keep on improving laser's power density, size, and cost which patch up the gap between theories and implementations. More importantly, our everyday life is changed and influenced by lasers even though we may not be fully aware of its existence. For example, it is there in cross-continent phone calls, price tag scanning in supermarkets, pointers in the classrooms, printers in the offices, accurate metal cutting in machine shops, etc. In this volume, we focus the recent developments related to laser scanning, a very powerful technique used in features detection and measurement. We invited researchers who do fundamental works in laser scanning theories or apply the principles of laser scanning to tackle problems encountered in medicine, geodesic survey, biology and archaeology. Twenty-eight chapters contributed by authors around the world to constitute this comprehensive book.
Chapter two evaluates stand structure at the site of one of the longest running fire ecology studies in the US, located at Tall Timbers Research Station (TTRS) in the southeastern U.S. Small footprint high resolution discrete return LiDAR was used to provide an understanding of the impact of multiple disturbance regimes on forest structure, especially on the 3-dimensional spatial arrangement of multiple structural elements and structural diversity indices. LiDAR data provided sensitive detection of structural metrics, diversity, and fine-scale vertical changes in the understory and mid-canopy structure. Canopy cover and diversity indices were shown to be statistically higher in fire suppressed and less frequently burned plots than in 1- and 2-year fire interval treated plots, which is in general agreement with the increase from 2- to 3-year fire return interval being considered an "ecological threshold" for these systems (Masters et al. 2005). The results from this study highlight the value of the use of LiDAR in evaluating disturbance impacts on the three-dimensional structure of pine forest systems, particularly over large landscapes.