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This report presents the results of cultural resources survey and preliminary evaluation conducted for a 5,273 ha (13,030 acre) portion of the Cooper Lake project area. All loci selected for survey were elevated higher than 132.6 m (435 ft) above mean sea level. The survey work was conducted from July to December 1989. Prehistoric and historic archaeological sites were assessed, and all sites greater than 50 years old were provided state site registration numbers. Machine-assisted deep testing also was conducted at selected localities within the project area to search for deeply buried sites, interpret the geomorphology of those areas, and aid description of site stratigraphy and factors influencing site formation. The survey's findings are reported, and all identified archaeological sites and their associated material culture are described in detail. National Register recommendations of showing the locations of clearly eligible, clearly not eligible, and further work are made for each site. A master map showing the locations of all sites and deep testing loci, a curation inventory, site survey forms, and a summary of previously surveyed portions of the parks have been submitted separately to the US Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District.
Cooper Lake, located at and below the confluence of the principal upper drainage tributaries of the South Sulphur River contains cultural resources relating to the full spectrum of human use of this region of northeast Texas. Archaeological investigations have been performed in this area for the last 35 years. This report presents the results of a multidisciplinary investigation of a 4700 acre embankment and borrow pit area at Cooper Lake. Geophysical and geomorphological studies were undertaken to understand buried and relief features of the landscape, and the potential human use or occupation of these geomorphic features. Ethnohistorical interviews and archival and historical researches were performed to completely document the written information relating to previously occupied properties of the project area. Archaeological studies include archaeobotanical, zooarchaeological, osteological, malacological, and radiocarbon analyses; studies of lithic, ceramic, and other tool technologies; intra- and intersite spatial analyses; and, where possible, reconstruction of site and study area chronology, subsistence, and seasonality and duration of occupation.
Paleoindians first arrived in Texas more than eleven thousand years ago, although relatively few sites of such early peoples have been discovered. Texas has a substantial post-Paleoindian record, however, and there are more than fifty thousand prehistoric archaeological sites identified across the state. This comprehensive volume explores in detail the varied experience of native peoples who lived on this land in prehistoric times. Chapters on each of the regions offer cutting-edge research, the culmination of years of work by dozens of the most knowledgeable experts. Based on the archaeological record, the discussion of the earliest inhabitants includes a reclassification of all known Paleoindian projectile point types and establishes a chronology for the various occupations. The archaeological data from across the state of Texas also allow authors to trace technological changes over time, the development of intensive fishing and shellfish collecting, funerary customs and the belief systems they represented, long-term changes in settlement mobility and character, landscape use, and the eventual development of agricultural societies. The studies bring the prehistory of Texas Indians all the way up through the Late Prehistoric period (ca. a.d. 700–1600). The extensively illustrated chapters are broadly cultural-historical in nature but stay strongly focused on important current research problems. Taken together, they present careful and exhaustive considerations of the full archaeological (and paleoenvironmental) record of Texas.
The Archaic Period is the longest and one of the most transitional of the cultural periods in North America. Its exact date varied across the continent, but it is distinguished from the earlier Paleo-Indian cultures by new styles of projectile points and other artifacts, and from the later prehistor