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This volume presents the results of a research project extending over four decades on the identification, location and character of the archaeological sites of Lower Egypt, continued since 1997 as the Egypt Exploration Society's Delta Survey, supported by the British Academy. Data has been gathered from bibliographic sources, dedicated fieldwork and information from Egyptian and foreign missions to present a body of material previously available only in summary online. The present volume provides all the information in enhanced and extended form, with descriptions of each site, noting especially changes in condition over time, previous discoveries and current fieldwork, together with key references to bibliographic or other sources. This is an essential index of the ancient settlements of the Delta, alerting archaeologists and historians to the large cities, small towns, fortress and temple sites that covered the Delta in antiquity.
This volume contains detailed information about 63 sites and shows, amongst other things, that the viticulture of the western delta was significant in Ptolemaic and Roman periods, as well as a network of interlocking sites, which connected with the rest of Egypt, Alexandria, North Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean and Aegean.
If you want to understand ancient Egypt, the Nile Delta is of key importance. Excavations and surveys in the Delta keep unearthing new information about how the ancient Egyptians lived, how they envisaged the afterlife and how they interacted with other cultures. The study of finds from the Delta gives us a glimpse into the beliefs and everyday life of the ancient Egyptians.00From 1979 to 2014 Willem van Haarlem worked on several archaeological sites in the Nile Delta, focusing on the excavations at Tell Ibrahim Awad in the eastern Delta from 1991 onward. At the same time he was curator of Egyptian Antiquities at the Allard Pierson, the heritage collections of the University of Amsterdam. On the occasion of his retirement a number of archaeologists, Egyptologists and museum curators have written a series of short studies in his honour, varying from current excavation results from Delta sites to new or renewed research into museum objects from this region. This book offers a rich palette of subjects to scholars interested in Delta archaeology and above all provides hitherto unpublished materials from excavations and museum depots that will inspire the next generation of Nile Delta scholars.0.
Short studies concerning Egyptian Nile Delta related excavations and museum objects in honor of Willem van Haarlem on the occasion of his retirement as curator at the Allard Pierson Museum, Amsterdam.
Different ideas of what constitutes an archaeological site have developed over two centuries of scholarship and heritage law in Egypt, with sites often (unconsciously) conceived as lands with museum-quality pieces and striking monumental, mortuary, and/or epigraphic remains. As a result, the material record of the powerful dominates Egyptological discourse, leaving hundreds of unexplored sites in the Delta floodplain and their potential contributions to a narrative of Egyptian culture largely ignored. Attempting to correct this, the author integrates historical maps, remote sensing data, and ancient texts to understand the dynamic landscape of the western Nile Delta. Weaving together new archaeological survey, Corona satellite images, and a targeted program of drill coring, this volume offers a palimpsest of settlement and paleoenvironment from the New Kingdom to Late Roman era. In the face of forces undermining many sites' integrity, this study adapts techniques in landscape archaeology to an Egyptian context, anticipating triage and salvage in the decades to come.
Kom el-Hisn is one of the few Old Kingdom sites located in the Nile Delta to have been the subject of a systematic program of excavation. Based on this program of research Anthony Cagle analyses the site data through an approach based on Darwinian evolutionary theory.
This volume presents the findings of three seasons of excavation in the 1980s at Kom el-Hisn, "the mound of the fortress," in the northwest Nile Delta. This provincial community was often in the orbit of Memphis, the capital and administrative center of Egypt's Old Kingdom period. Small areas of occupations of the First Intermediate and early Middle Kingdom periods were also excavated. One of the goals of the excavations was to complement and compare the substantial ancient textual record of this era with Kom el-Hisn's archaeological record because such evidence is sparse for Lower Egypt between about 2500 and 1800 BC. The findings presented here reveal the complexity of small Old Kingdom settlements in the context of the Memphite state organization and shed light on the changing relationships of this administrative center with its provincial communities. Kom el-Hisn's faunal, floral, lithic, and architectural remains are presented and discussed in detail, as are some theoretical and methodological issues relevant to this research. With contributions by Paul E. Buck, Anthony J. Cagle, Michal Kobusiewicz, Karla Kroeper, Richard R. Redding, Sarah Sterling, Robert J. Wenke, Wilma Wetterstrom, Anna Wodzinska, and Alexandra Witsell.
Archaeological sites are often recognized as the basis for studies of the cultural landscape, even as many have noted that the site concept itself has become more fractured over time. In Egypt, different meanings of the term have been cultivated over two centuries of scholastic practice and heritage law, though surprisingly it has rarely been applied to investigations of regional settlement in the Nile floodplain, particularly the Delta. Such a circumstance stands in direct contrast to the Delta's potential contributions to a fuller narrative of Egyptian culture. In considering the archaeological and geoarchaeological record of the western Delta, this research draws together historical cartography, remote sensing data, prior archaeological work, and ancient texts to investigate its cultural and natural landscape. Fragmented information on relict channels from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, Corona satellite imagery, and British Survey of Egypt maps informed a program of drill augering to investigate and confirm several observed distributaries of the Rosetta and Canopic branches. Prior archaeological work by the Egypt Exploration Society Delta Survey, the Naukratis Project regional survey of the 1970s and 80s, and others guided systematic surface collection that elucidated spatial distribution of ceramics on several elevated mounds (koms) occupied from the New Kingdom to Late Roman periods (1535 B.C.E. -- 650 C.E.). Simultaneously, surface collection units and drill augering transects were arranged both within and beyond the visible extents of koms in order to test hypotheses about site extent. Moreover, detailed topographic survey coupled with observations of Quickbird-2 satellite imagery allowed for theorizing about subsurface architecture and modeling patterns of kom and site preservation. By exploring the promise of surface collection and other minimally destructive means of analysis, this study proposes an integrated methodology for investigating the cultural and natural landscape of the Nile floodplain, taking tentative steps towards more fully realizing the tremendous, largely untapped potential of the sown lands of Egypt.