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The system of international arbitration is built on private contractual relations, yet has been endorsed by governments around the world as a fair and reliable alternative to litigation in State courts. As a private process, however, its authority and legitimacy derive entirely from the views and actions of those involved in the arbitral process, whether arbitrators, counsel, or parties. It is, though increasingly clear that psychological factors complicate, and in some cases radically change, every arbitral proceeding. In this context, psychological insights are crucial for understanding how international arbitration genuinely operates, and whether the legal framework currently applied to it is well-suited to achieving the aims of ensuring a fair and reliable dispute resolution procedure. This is the first book to focus on this important issue: the insights into international arbitration that can be gained from contemporary psychology. With contributions from nineteen internationally known figures in their fields – arbitrators, mediators, lawyers, law professors, psychology professors, psychologists – and drawing from a longer term project on the role of psychology in arbitration, this ground-breaking volume addresses a range of topics, including the following: - the decision-making processes of arbitrators; - the ability of arbitration to serve as a genuine dispute resolution mechanism; - the impact of particular procedures on the arbitral process; - bias, self-deception and vested interests in judgment and decision-making; - the role of arbitrators in managing the arbitral process; - cultural differences in the evaluation of arguments; - psychological influences on witness testimony; - the impact of tribunal composition on arbitral decision-making; - the influence of arbitration’s professional context on arbitrators and legal counsel; and - methods for arbitrators and legal counsel to more effectively manage the arbitral process. Informed by the behavioural insights in these essays, counsel and arbitrators will be enabled to think critically about the underlying assumptions and the potential behavioural effects of a prospective arbitration, while individuals researching arbitration will gain a greater understanding of the psychological context in which every arbitration occurs. This book meets the increasingly recognized need for understanding the role of psychology in arbitral proceedings, and forms an indispensable foundation for subsequent work in this area. Its innovative and forward-thinking analysis will be of immeasurable value to the international arbitration community, as well as to institutions supporting arbitration and to academics in the field.
This book analyses how arbitrators make rules that guide, constrain, and define the process and substance of international arbitration. Providing a thorough and multidisciplinary analysis of the actors, process, and outcome of arbitral lawmaking, the study shows how arbitrators create principles of law through consistent arbitral decision-making and through interacting with other members of the arbitral community. This book investigates and responds to the following questions: - What is the relationship between international arbitration and the law and courts of the seat? - What is the role of international tribunals in assisting and controlling investment arbitration? - What is the scope of arbitrators’ freedom in decision-making? - What constraints limit arbitrators’ decision-making and contribute to consistency? - Is international arbitration capable of paying deference to past arbitral decisions? - Which rules have arbitrators created in procedural and substantive matters? - What is the role and status of consistent arbitral decisions? - Is there an arbitral legal system? The answers to these questions are drawn from actual arbitral decisions made available to the public, clarifying important issues about jurisdiction, procedure, applicable law, interpretation of substantive rules and instruments, and remedies. This is the first overarching study of whether and to what extent international commercial, and investment arbitrators create norms and even generate a legal system. As such, it will be of immeasurable and lasting value to arbitrators, practitioners, scholars, arbitral institutions, and international organizations worldwide, for all of whom it will not only clarify our understanding of arbitral decision-making and arbitrator-made rules, but also foster transparency and accountability in arbitral decision-making
Central to understanding the effect of arbitration schemes on the process of collective bargaining is understanding the process by which arbitrators make decisions. A model of arbitrator behavior inconventional arbitration is developed that allows the arbitration award to be a function of both the offers of the parties and the(exogenous) facts of the case. The weight that the arbitrator puts on the facts relative to the offers is hypothesized to be a function of the quality of the offers as measured by the difference between the offers. Two special cases of this model are derived: 1) the arbitrator bases the award strictly on the offers of the parties(split-the-difference) and 2) the arbitrator bases the award strictly on the facts of the case.The model is implemented empirically using data gathered from practicing arbitrators regarding their decisions in twenty-five hypothetical cases. These data have the advantage that they allow causal inference regarding the effect on the arbitration award of the facts relative to the offers. On the basis of the estimates, both of the special case models are strongly rejected. The arbitration awards are found to be influenced by both the offers of the parties and the facts of the case. In addition, the weight put on the facts of the case relative to the offers is found to vary significantly with the quality of the offers. When the offers are of low quality (far apart)the arbitrator weights the facts more heavily and the offers less heavily.These results suggest that the naive split-the difference view of arbitrator behavior, which is the basis of the critique of conventional arbitration that has led to the adoption of final-offer arbitration, is no correct in its extreme view. On the other hand, the awards are affected by the offers so that the parties can manipulate the outcome to some extent by manipulating their offers. However, the scope for this sort of influence is limited by the finding that the offers are weighted less heavily as their quality dete
Excerpt from Arbitrator Decision Making: When Are Final Offers Important? This research was supported by National Science Foundation under grants No. Ses-8207703 and No. Bss-8107331. Farber was also supported by the Sloan Foundation as an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow. The authors would like to thank Harry Katz and participants in a workshop at Princeton University for helpful comments. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
In the course of a single investor-state dispute, an arbitrator may make numerous decisions, from interpreting the treaty or national laws to taking into account case law, customs and policies. In practice, this process raises important issues regarding the consistency of decisions and the predictability and legitimacy of the decision-making process in general. Investment arbitration tribunals have developed a specialised process of legal decision making adapted to the interpretational needs that arise in the context of an investor-state dispute and to the transnational characteristics of the investment arbitration framework. This is the first book to offer an in-depth analysis of the transnational characteristics of investment arbitration and to analyse the interpretive arguments of investment tribunals and the way they use treaties, precedent, policies, general principles of law and customary law in their decision-making process. Drawing on publicly available arbitral case law supplemented with personal interviews with investment arbitrators, the author touches on such concepts and practices as the following: - an overview of various decision-making genres of arbitral tribunals: attitudinal, economic, strategic and legal; - the legal argumentation triptych of language–rhetoric–dialogue; - the specific language arbitrators have developed when interpreting the law; - how arbitrators use the concepts 'standards', 'rules', 'principles' and 'rights'; - the importance of the legal reasoning of arbitral awards and the role of rhetoric therein; - concepts of 'acceptability', 'audience' and 'legitimacy'; - limitations of the public international law interpretive methodology enshrined in the Vienna Convention; - interpretation of precedents, customary law, general principles of law and policies; - the way national and international legal orders interact in the context of interpretation; and - how decision-making is connected to the issues of predictability, consistency and the rule of law. The core of the book proposes a novel, full- edged dialogical network theory for analysing the interpretation process. As an exemplary demonstration of developing theory to keep up with practice, this unique book provides a deeply engaged means for enhancing the practice of international arbitration. Its introduction of a new field of interdisciplinary analysis employing legal argumentation theories is sure to provide inestimable guidance for institutions and policymakers, especially in light of recent proposals for the creation of a permanent investment arbitration court. Given that unveiling the legal decision-making process is critical for the well-being of the whole dispute resolution procedure, and that being aware of how arbitrators interpret the law can constitute a roadmap for counsel's arguments and approaches when dealing with cross-border disputes, the topic of this book is relevant for both academics and practitioners, and its signifcance can only grow as recourse to investor-state arbitration continues to expand.
Prominent and experienced international arbitrators and litigators discuss the rights and obligations of arbitrators during the deliberation and decision-making processes and provide invaluable insights based on their years of personal experience. Issues discussed and analyzed include: • Steps and issues in deliberation and decision-making including the organization and form of deliberations and the drafting of the award. • Conflict in deliberations including how to handle bias and obstruction, structuring a bargaining process and dealing with dissenting opinions. • Assistance to the tribunal including the opinions, advantages and dangers with specific discussions regarding document production master and experts’ facilitator, the assistance of the secretary to the arbitral tribunal in drafting the award and the United Nations Compensation Commission’s utilization of experts. Inside the Black Box: How Arbitral Tribunals Operate and Reach Their Decisions also includes extremely useful arbitration materials including examples of a decision tree, dissenting opinion award, dissenting arbitrator refusing to sign the award, and an assortment of materials regarding the scheduling and qualifications of experts.
The new arbitration rules of the German Arbitration Institute (Rules) entered into force on 1 March 2018. Drafted over an intense period of eighteen months by a committee of globally recognized experts with the active participation of nearly 300 arbitration practitioners, the Rules stand poised to attract parties seeking dispute resolution not only in Germany but also internationally. This extraordinary book, written by the drafters themselves, with more than 550 pages of comprehensive article-by-article commentary, is filled with practical insights and recommendations regarding the application of the Rules. Each provision of the new Rules is given its own chapter, in which the following issues and topics are examined in depth for the specific rule under analysis: use of the provision in practice; modifications from the corresponding provision in the 1998 Rules; relationship to the relevant sections of the German Code of Civil Procedure; comparison with relevant regulations and practices in German State court proceedings; detailed expert commentary, including analysis of case law and legal scholarship; DIS practice concerning the application of the provision; and comparison with similar provisions in other arbitration rules. An annex contains an extensive collection of reference materials, including forms, schedule of costs and texts of various international arbitration documents. The authors and editors have vast experience as counsel and arbitrators in proceedings conducted under the auspices of the DIS and other arbitral institutions. Their intimate familiarity with all aspects of DIS case administration is of immeasurable value to all stakeholders in arbitral proceedings. A genuine user’s guide, the book explains how the new Rules are likely to be applied in practice by the arbitral institution, arbitrators and parties. Its practical tips regarding the effective conduct of DIS arbitrations elucidate best practices for counsel and arbitrators and make DIS’ day-to-day case management and decision-making processes more transparent and predictable for users of all levels of experience and expertise.
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