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This book is designed as a resource handbook and bibliographic guide to the major Hebrew inscriptions dating from the period 1500 B.C.E. to 100 C.E. Hebrew, Ammonite, Moabite and Edomite monumental inscriptions, ostraca and seals are included. Illustrated.
The inscriptions dealt with in this book come from the Old Testament period (c. 1000 BC to c. 200 BCE) and constitute an important additional source for our knowledge of the Hebrew language and the religion, history and customs of ancient Israel. The corpus includes texts like the Lachish and Arad letters, the Siloam tunnel inscription, the recently discovered religious texts from Kuntillet Ajerud, and the hundreds of seals, seal-impressions and weights that are now known. Each text is given a unique reference number according to a specially devised system, with an indication of its date and place of origin (where these are known) and one or more bibliographical references. It covers all complete words in the texts (including prepositions and names of persons and places), and also the Egyptian hieratic numerals and other symbols that were used in them.
Titles have always been conferred on persons both to identify their functions in society and to assign honorary status. In Egypt even more than in Mesopotamia, function-related and honorary titles were so valued that officials and functionaries of varying stations collected the titles accrued in their lifetime and preserved them in a titulary, the ancient equivalent of a resume. Israelites serving at the royal courts in Jerusalem and Samaria or in local administrations also held title, but the sources suggest far fewer of them than their neighbors. Nili Fox analyzes the titles and roles of civil officials and functionaries in Israel and Judah during the monarchy, including key ministers of the central government, regional administrators, and palace attendants. The nineteen titles fall into three categories: status-related titles, function-related titles, and miscellaneous designations that could be held by a variety of officials. Fox sets these Israelite and Judahite titles in their ancient context through extensive study of Egyptian, Akkadian, and Ugaritic records. She also draws upon the corpus of Hebrew epigraphic material, which allows her to explore economic components of state organization such as royal land grants, supply networks, and systems of accounting, which would be impossible to understand on the basis of the Hebrew Bible alone. Fox also treats the widely debated issue of whether Israelite state organization was influenced by foreign models and, if so, how much. The evidence of non-Hebrew sources offers little concrete material to substantiate theories that Israel modeled its government after a foreign prototype, and Fox offers a more finessed approach. Many features of Israelite administration are best explained as basic elements of any monarchic structure in the ancient Near East that developed to satisfy the needs of an evolving local system. Other seemingly foreign features have a long tradition in Canaan and probably were naturally assimilated. Fox recognizes the interconnections between the cultures in the region but emphasizes the need to closely examine the Israelite system with internal evidence.
William G. Dever is recognized as the doyen of North American archaeologist-historians who work in the field of the ancient Levant. He is best known as the director of excavations at the site of Gezer but has worked at numerous other sites, and his many students have led dozens of other expeditions. He has been editor of the Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, was for many years professor in the influential archaeology program at the University of Arizona, and now in retirement continues actively to write and publish. In this volume, 46 of his colleagues and students contribute essays in his honor, reflecting the broad scope of his interests, particularly in terms of the historical implications of archaeology.
"Archaeology and the Old Testament" is a comprehensive examination of the history of the Old Testament, from before the time of Abraham to the Maccabee period. The book explores the significance of archaeological discoveries in our understanding of the Old Testament and provides a detailed look at the major events and figures of the period. Through a combination of biblical narrative and archaeological evidence, the book offers a rich and insightful view of the history of the Old Testament and the role it played in the formation of Israelite identity. Each chapter provides a comprehensive overview of a specific period or event, including the biblical narrative, archaeological evidence, and the significance of that period or event in the formation of Israelite identity. The book concludes with a discussion of the intersection of archaeology and the Old Testament and the importance of this intersection for biblical studies. This book is ideal for students of biblical studies, archaeologists, and anyone interested in the history of the Old Testament and the role of archaeology in our understanding of that history. Whether you are a scholar or simply a curious reader, "Archaeology and the Old Testament" provides a fascinating and enlightening look at the rich and complex history of the Old Testament.
Preliminary Material /J. A. Emerton , W. L. Holladay , A. Lemaire , R. E. Murphy , E. Nielsen , R. Smend and J. A. Soggin -- Presidential Address: W. ZIMMERLI, Wahrheit und Geschichte in der alttestamentlichen Schriftprophetie /W. Zimmerli -- P. R. ACKROYD, Isaiah I-XII: presentation of a prophet /P. R. Ackroyd -- B. ALBREKTSON, Reflections on the emergence of a standard text of the Hebrew Bible /B. Albrektson -- B. S. CHILDS, The exegetical significance of canon for the study of the Old Testament /B. S. Childs -- M. J. DAHOOD, Ebla, Ugarit and the Old Testament /M. J. Dahood -- R. P. GORDON, The Targumists as eschatologists /R. P. Gordon -- M. GREENBERG, The use of the ancient versions for interpreting the Hebrew text: a sampling from Ezekiel II 1-III 11 /M. Greenberg -- S. LACH, Versuch einer neuen Interpretation der Zionshymnen /S. Lach -- A. LEMAIRE, L'épigraphie paléo-hébraïque et la bible /A. Lemaire -- I. VON LOEWENCLAU, Genesis IV 6-7--eine jahwistische Erweiterung? /I. Von Loewenclau -- N. LOHFINK, Die Priesterschrift und die Geschichte /N. Lohfink -- H. LUBSCZYK, Elohim beim Jahwisten /H. Lubsczyk -- I. L. SEELIGMANN, Die Auffassung von der Prophetie in der deuteronomistischen und chronistischen Geschichtsschreibung (mit einem Exkurs über das Buch Jeremia) /I. L. Seeligmann -- M. SEKINE, Wie ist eine israelitische Literaturgeschichte möglich? /M. Sekine -- R. SMEND, Lessing und die Bibelwissenschaft /R. Smend -- S. TALMON, The \'comparative method\' in biblical interpretation--principles and problems /S. Talmon -- S. WAGNER, Zur Theologie des Psalms CXXXIX /S. Wagner -- G. WALLIS, Die Nachtgesichte des Propheten Sacharja. Zur Idee einer Form /G. Wallis -- J. W. WEVERS, Text history and text criticism of the Septuagint /J. W. Wevers -- H. W. WOLFF, Wie verstand Micha von Moreschet sein prophetisches Amt? /H. W. Wolff.
Jerusalem is the center of the universe, the hub of the three great monotheistic religions, yet how did a city located on the desert fringe, in the semi-arid southern highlands of Israel with little tillable land achieve such dominance? To provide answers to this enduring riddle, Israel Finkelstein has collected twenty-four of his best articles and essays covering the Middle Bronze Age to the late Hellenistic period. With critical and well-informed care, he analyzes archaeological evidence that often stands in tension with the biblical text. Topics of particular interest include the archaeology of the tenth century BCE; Saul, David, and Solomon in the Bible and archaeology; the first expansion of the city in the ninth century; its full growth in the late eighth to seventh centuries; Jerusalem and Judah under the Assyrian Empire; the days of King Josiah; and transformations in the Persian-Hellenistic era. Short addenda update the reader on recent developments.
A comprehensive history of a state on Judah’s border Edom at the Edge of Empire combines biblical, epigraphic, archaeological, and comparative evidence to reconstruct the history of Judah's neighbor to the southeast. Crowell traces the material and linguistic evidence, from early Egyptian sources that recall conflicts with nomadic tribes to later Assyrian texts that reference compliant Edomite tribal kings, to offer alternative scenarios regarding Edom's transformation from a collection of nomadic tribes and workers in the Wadi Faynan as it relates to the later polity centered around the city of Busayra in the mountains of southern Jordan. This is the first book to incorporate the important evidence from the Wadi Faynan copper mines into a thorough account of Edom's history, providing a key resource for students and scholars of the ancient Near East and the Hebrew Bible.