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Southeast Alaska's remaining virgin forests have few insect pests. The black-headed budworm and the hemlock sawfly, both western hemlock defoliators, are the most important species. They kill some trees, kill tops in others, and cause growth loss, but stands survive their attacks. Extensive conversion of virgin stands to second growth may result in an increase in pest problems as it has in similar areas such as coastal British Columbia. ‍?‍?Widespread use of insecticides to control major outbreaks is not practical because of risk of contaminating salmon-spawning and trout-rearing streams; but insecticide use may be justified in local, high value areas. Weather, diseases, and parasites control outbreaks naturally. Damage-prone stands should be identified and harvested before insect attack or salvage-logged following outbreaks. Ideally, second-growth stands should be managed for resistance to insect pests.
This book first reviews the biology of Dytiscidae or water beetles, including life history and ecology. It then defines and keys adults & larvae (when known) of dytiscid fauna of Canada, the United States, and for some taxa also northern Mexico. The focus is on the fauna of Canada & Alaska, and adults of the 276 species known from this region are treated in detail. For each Canadian-Alaskan species, the following information is presented: nomenclature & synonymy; selected references; description, including illustrations of taxonomically important characteristics; comments on classification or variation; notes on ecology; and description of the species range, accompanied by a map of collection records. Checklists of the dytiscid fauna of Canada/Alaska are also presented, with the distribution of the species recorded by province/territory and Canadian ecozone. Includes systematic index.