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Alpha-, Beta- and Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy Volume 1 offers a comprehensive account of radioactivity and related low-energy phenomena. It summarizes progress in the field of alpha-, beta- and gamma-ray spectroscopy, including the discovery of the non-conservation of parity, as well as new experimental methods that elucidate the processes of weak interactions in general and beta-decay in particular. Comprised of 14 chapters, the book presents experimental methods and theoretical discussions and calculations to maintain the link between experiment and theory. It begins with a discussion of the interaction of electrons and alpha particles with matter. The book explains the elastic scattering of electrons by atomic nuclei and the interaction between gamma-radiation and matter. It then introduces topic on beta-ray spectrometer theory and design and crystal diffraction spectroscopy of nuclear gamma rays. Moreover, the book discusses the applications of the scintillation counter; proportional counting in gases; and the general processes and procedures used in determining disintegration schemes through a study of the beta- and gamma-rays emitted. In addition, it covers the nuclear shell model; collective nuclear motion and the unified model; and alpha-decay conservation laws. The emissions of gamma-radiation during charged particle bombardment and from fission fragments, as well as the neutron-capture radiation spectroscopy, are also explained. Experimentalists will find this book extremely useful.
Two applications of beta spectrometry using active gamma-ray discrimination are described. The beta spectra of smears taken at a nuclear power plant at the end of a 300 day shutdown were characterized. The average beta energy at "contact" (1.5 cm) was between 450 and 550 keV for locations influenced by activation products and slightly higher for locations with a high percentage of fission products. The spectrum hardened about 300 keV at the normal working distance of 30.5 cm. The possibility of pure beta emitters in the spectrum was investigated by comparing a composite beta spectrum consisting of nuclides identified by gamma-ray spectrometry to the beta spectrum from the smear. There was no indication of significant amounts of pure beta emitters in the spectra. The second application of beta spectroscopy was developed, in conjunction with liquid scintillation counting, to measure the presence and radioactivity level of calcium-45 in apple juice prior to administration to human subjects. Although the calcium-45 activities determined by beta spectroscopy and liquid scintillation counting consistently agreed, they both differed by about 2O% when compared to the calcium-45 activity expected in the solution to be administered. However, even in view of this difference, the analytical technique developed during this study verified that the calcium-45 activity was well within the range required for use in a human blood absorption investigation. By comparing the beta spectrum from radioactivity in the apple juice to a known calcium-45 beta spectrum, the technique also confirmed that calcium-45 was the only radionuclide present in the apple juice.
The use of a beta-ray spectrometer, in the analysis of nuclear decay schemes, makes possible the solution of many of the problems which arise in the course of such analyses. Of particular interest is the application of the instrument to the determination of the energy of beta and gamma-radiation from radioactive isotopes. In addition, it is possible to use the instrument to estimate the relative intensities of the various components of radiation; and to apply the coincidence method, in conjunction with the spectrometer, to the determination of the order in which these components are emitted from the nucleus. The present work was concerned with three particular problems arising in beta-ray spectrometry. A method of improving the intensity-resolution relationship of a thin lens magnetic beta-ray spectrometer, by means of ring focusing, was investigated. The existence of a ring-shaped constriction in the electron beam was demonstrated experimentally by a photographic film method. A theoretical analysis was carried out in an attempt to determine relations from which the relative intensities of beta-rays, gamma-rays and internal conversion electrons might be determined from data obtained with the spectrometer. Simplifying assumptions were made concerning the focusing action of the instrument, and effects due to scattering of electrons in the source of photoelectric radiator were neglected. Formulae were derived from which the observed spectrometer counting rates due to sources of known activity, emitting beta-rays, gamma-rays or internal conversion electrons may be predicted.
Applied Gamma-Ray Spectrometry covers real life application of the gamma-ray and the devices used in their experimental studies. This book is organized into 9 chapters, and starts with discussions of the various decay processes, the possible interaction mechanisms of gamma radiation with matter, and the intrinsic and extrinsic variables, which affect the observed gamma-ray and X-ray spectra. The subsequent chapters deal with the properties and fabrication of scintillation detectors, semiconductor detectors, and proportional gas counters. These chapters present some of the most widely utilized applications of these detectors, with a particular emphasis to the activation analysis. These topics are followed by reviews of the description of basic equipment, such as amplifiers, analyzers, special spectrometer arrangements, and detector shielding. Other chapters describe energy and time resolution and quantitative calibration. The quantitative and qualitative interpretation of the spectra is also explained, along with the calibration of the detectors. The last chapter considers the analytical applications of gamma-ray and X-ray spectrometry in tracer studies, activation analysis, fission product studies, and X-ray fluorescence analysis. This book will be of value to analytical chemists and analytical chemistry researchers.