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The US Army's AH-64 Apache attack helicopter has been fielded since the early 1980's (Figure 1). There are currently two models (A & D) of the Apache. The latter D-model differs primarily from the A-model in cockpit design and the addition of a mast-mounted millimeter radar system. The AH-64 is a tandem-seated aircraft with the pilot occupying the rear seat and the copilot/gunner occupying the front seat. Both pilots fly and perform fire-control procedures using a monocular helmet-mounted display (HMD) known as the li%tegrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS) (Figure 2). The IHADSS provides pilotage and fire-control imagery from separate forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors mounted on the nose of the aircraft. Flight symbology is integrated (embedded) into the HMD imagery. The FLIR sensor that provides the pilotage imagery is known as the Pilot's Night Vision System (PNVS); the FLIR sensor that provides the fire-control imagery is known as the Target Acquisition and Designation System (TAD S).
The US Army's AH-64 Apache attack helicopter has been fielded since the early 1980's (Figure 1). There are currently two models (A & D) of the Apache. The latter D-model differs primarily from the A-model in cockpit design and the addition of a mast-mounted millimeter radar system. The AH-64 is a tandem-seated aircraft with the pilot occupying the rear seat and the copilot/ gunner occupying the front seat. Both pilots fly and perform fire-control procedures using a monocular helmet-mounted display (HMD) known as the li%tegrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS) (Figure 2). The IHADSS provides pilotage and fire-control imagery from separate forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors mounted on the nose of the aircraft. Flight symbology is integrated (embedded) into the HMD imagery. The FLIR sensor that provides the pilotage imagery is known as the Pilot's Night Vision System (PNVS); the FLIR sensor that provides the fire-control imagery is known as the Target Acquisition and Designation System (TAD S).
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A web-based survey was conducted investigating AH-64 Apache pilot experience with the Integrated Helmet Display Sighting System (IHADSS). A total of 216 respondents provided responses in the following areas: visual complaints, helmet fit, and acoustics. Data indicated that 92% of respondents reported at least one visual complaint either during or after IHADSS flight. Additional findings include: no association between eye preference and frequency of complaints, an increase in frequency of visual complaints from a previous 1990 study, and no correlation between frequency of visual complaints and age or experience.
The U.S. Army currently fields two variants of night vision devices (NVDs), the Aviator Night Vision Imaging System (ANVIS) and the Pilot Night Vision System/Target Acquisition and Designation System (PNVS/TADS). The effectiveness of these sensors in the AH-64D during urban missions in Iraq from November 2005 thru October 2006 was assessed with a questionnaire administered to 38 Apache AH-64D aviators. The survey compared sensors with regard to reconnaissance, situational awareness, and human factors issues. Results showed that the 12 ANVIS was preferable to the FLIR for reconnaissance missions. ANVIS was also preferred for wire and aircraft avoidance. The primary benefit of the PNVS/TADS system, as reported by aviators, was the flight symbology cues provided through the helmet-mounted display (HMD).
A web-based survey was conducted investigating AH-64 Apache pilot experience with the Integrated Helmet Display Sighting System (IHADSS). A total of 216 respondents provided responses in the following areas: visual complaints, helmet fit, and acoustics. Data indicated that 92% of respondents reported at least one visual complaint either during or after IHADSS flight. Additional findings include: no association between eye preference and frequency of complaints, an increase in frequency of visual complaints from a previous 1990 study, and no correlation between frequency of visual complaints and age or experience.
Historically, the goal of aviation helmet design has been to primarily provide impact and noise protection to the user. In 1984, the U.S. Army fielded an advanced attack helicopter which required a new helmet concept in which the role of the helmet was expanded to provided a visually coupled interface between the aviator and the aircraft. This new helmet system, the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS), uses a helmet fitted with infrared (IR) emitters and a monocular display. The IR emitters allow a slewable IR imaging sensor, mounted on the nose of the aircraft, to be slaved to the aviators head movements. Imagery from this sensor is presented to the aviator through the helmet mounted display. This type system generates several concerns, recognized early on, but still unresolved. These areas include questions of monocular vs. binocular imagery, eye dominance, and binocular rivalry. Additionally, the task of interfacing the aviator's head to the aircraft has introduced previously unrecognized problems relating to head anthropometry and facial anatomy. The fitting process has become a crucial factor in the aviator's ability to interface with the aircraft systems. The development and fielding of the IHADSS helmet mounted display have expanded the role and importance of the helmet. If helmet mounted displays are the design choice of future aircraft, it will be imperative to place increased emphasis on the human factors aspects of the helmet.
"This is the second biennial interim report for the study titled The Effect of a Monocular Helmet-Mounted Display on Aircrew Health: A Cohort Study of Apache AH Mk 1 Pilots. The principal aim of this occupational health study is to determine if the use of the monocular Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS) helmet-mounted display (HMD) in the British Army's Apache AH Mk 1 attack helicopter has any long-term effect on visual performance. Additional information concerning other unique problems of the Apache AH Mk 1 aircrew is elicited as a secondary objective. This study is a collaborative effort between the British Army and the U.S. Army and is conducted under the auspices of The Technical Cooperative Program (TTCP), Subgroup U, Technical Panel 7 (Human Factors in the Aviation Environment). The current report presents the longitudinal data analysis for the approximate 5-year period January 2000 to December 2004. Visual performance data are examined for within- and between-subject differences for seven exposed (AH Mk 1) and 23 control subjects with a minimum of 3 years of measured data."--Report documentation page.
Helmet-mounted displays (HMDs), while not new, are a unique method of providing pilotage and targeting imagery to aviators. Although there are a number of HMDs in various phases of design, the AH-64s Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS) is currently the Army's only fielded integrated HMD. A number of studies have investigated the visual and perceptual issues associated with the monocular optical design of the IHADSS in combination with the AH-64s forward looking infrared (FLIP) thermal sensor (Pilots Night Vision System - PNVS). While these systems have greatly enhanced the operational effectiveness of the AH-64, they have resulted in reports of physiological complaints, degraded visual cues and both static and dynamic illusions. This study investigated the possible role the IHADSS MMD and PNVS may have played in AH-64 Apache accidents. A total of 217 AH-64 accidents (FY85-02) were analyzed and assigned causal factors associated with the use of the IHADSS and PNVS. The resulting analysis failed to identify any significant role between these systems and flight-related accidents.