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This report examines the economics of community-scale solar systems that incorporate a centralized annual cycle thermal energy storage (ACTES) coupled to a distribution system. Systems were sized for three housing configurations: single-unit dwellings, 10-unit, and 200-unit apartment complexes in 50-, 200-, 400-, and 1000-unit communities in 10 geographic locations in the United States. Thermal energy is stored in large, constructed, underground tanks. Costs were assigned to each component of every system in order to allow calculation of total costs. Results are presented as normalized system costs per unit of heat delivered per building unit.
The objective was to develop a comprehensive understanding of the performance of active solar heating systems with intermediate and annual-cycle storage. A daily-step computer simulation was used to determine the performance of solar heating systems as collector and storage size was varied. Simulations were performed for systems in four cities in the U.S.: Boston, MA; Medford, OR; Bismarck, ND; and Albuquerque, NM. The study assumed various building load types and includes both flat-plate and evacuated-tube collectors at different tilt angles, and single-tank and two-tank systems. A unique feature of this study was the investigation of systems used to provide backup heat for passive solar and energy-conserving buildings and to meet standard building loads.