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The New York Times bestselling work of undercover reportage from our sharpest and most original social critic, with a new foreword by Matthew Desmond, author of Evicted Millions of Americans work full time, year round, for poverty-level wages. In 1998, Barbara Ehrenreich decided to join them. She was inspired in part by the rhetoric surrounding welfare reform, which promised that a job—any job—can be the ticket to a better life. But how does anyone survive, let alone prosper, on $6 an hour? To find out, Ehrenreich left her home, took the cheapest lodgings she could find, and accepted whatever jobs she was offered. Moving from Florida to Maine to Minnesota, she worked as a waitress, a hotel maid, a cleaning woman, a nursing-home aide, and a Wal-Mart sales clerk. She lived in trailer parks and crumbling residential motels. Very quickly, she discovered that no job is truly "unskilled," that even the lowliest occupations require exhausting mental and muscular effort. She also learned that one job is not enough; you need at least two if you int to live indoors. Nickel and Dimed reveals low-rent America in all its tenacity, anxiety, and surprising generosity—a land of Big Boxes, fast food, and a thousand desperate stratagems for survival. Read it for the smoldering clarity of Ehrenreich's perspective and for a rare view of how "prosperity" looks from the bottom. And now, in a new foreword, Matthew Desmond, author of Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City, explains why, twenty years on in America, Nickel and Dimed is more relevant than ever.
Unravelling Darwin's life and contribution to biology, this book traces the path from his scientific predecessors to the later modifications that his own evolutionary theories required. It provides a clear historical perspective on the progress from pre-Darwinian biology to modern genetics.
This volume describes how ESOL tests and test users have changed greatly in the past few decades. Some widely used ESOL tests have been revised, with a number of new tests incorporating advances in computer technology. In addition, many more ESOL practitioners than in the past are responsible for selecting and using tests. Stephen Stoynoff and Carol A. Chapelle introduce teachers and administrators to the principles, methods, and vocabulary of language assessment. Twenty-one reviewers of ESOL tests consider test purpose, methods, and justification of their use in particular situations.
Formal methods provide system designers with the possibility to analyze system models and reason about them with mathematical precision and rigor. The use of formal methods is not restricted to the early development phases of a system, though. The di?erent testing phases can also bene?t from them to ease the p- duction and application of e?ective and e?cient tests. Many still regard formal methods and testing as an odd combination. Formal methods traditionally aim at verifying and proving correctness (a typical academic activity), while testing shows only the presence of errors (this is what practitioners do). Nonetheless, there is an increasing interest in the use of formal methods in software testing. It is expected that formal approaches are about to make a major impact on eme- ing testing technologies and practices. Testing proves to be a good starting point for introducing formal methods in the software development process. This volume contains the papers presented at the 3rd Workshop on Formal Approaches to Testing of Software, FATES 2003, that was in a?liation with the IEEE/ACM Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE 2003). This year, FATES received 43 submissions. Each submission was reviewed by at least three independent reviewers from the program committee with the help of - ditional reviewers. Based on their evaluations, 18 papers submitted by authors from 13 di?erent countries were selected for presentation at the workshop.
A manual of style for researching and writing philosophy papers, including a guide to 'Philosophy and Cyberspace' and other sources of information. An introduction to the basic concepts and approaches of the discipline of philosophy, including: principles of argument, fallacies, and applied ethics. A resource of specific detailed instructions for writing papers usually required in college philosophy classes, including: position papers, historical essays, and applied ethics papers.