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Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research is a reference book of the major animal models used in the study of orthopaedic conditions and in the in vivo study of biomaterials. Use of animal models provides important knowledge about pathological conditions that can eventually lead to the development of more effective clinical treatment of diseases in bot
Different species vary in bone metabolism, especially in modeling and remodeling of the bone. Human-related diseases with severe outcomes on bone, such as osteoporosis or osteoarthritis, are often reflected in animal models, which cannot adequately mimic the human situation. The pre-clinical investigation of implant materials in vivo complicates the search for the ideal animal model, especially when combining pathologic bone diseases and implant material. For instance, while alterations in trabecular bone architecture are investigated in female osteoporotic rats, rodents commonly lack cortical bone remodeling or secondary osteon formation. Small ruminants are commonly used to study long bone defects or orthopedic materials, due to their comparability to humans regarding body weight, bone size, and fracture healing. Nevertheless, there are important differences between human and ruminant models: plexiform cortical bone, seasonal bone loss, and stronger trabecular bone appear in sheep compared to humans. This chapter will summarize fundamental differences in bone quality between different animal models used for orthopedic and implant material research. Thus, choosing the ideal animal model to answer the proposed research question remains the key to guarantee a solid and excellent scientific study.
Osteoporosis Research - Animal Models, presents in a very illustrative and practical manner, general methodologies of bone studies in animals, as well as the particular features of the most commonly used animal models in the field. Research in the field of osteoporosis has grown in recent years. This has resulted in significant advances in determining the causes of osteoporosis, assessing risk factors, and creating new treatment methods. The use of animal models provides important knowledge about pathological conditions that can eventually lead to the development of more effective clinical treatment of diseases in both humans and animals. Osteoporosis Research - Animal Models, is an essential tool for researchers in the bone field. This book aids researchers in selecting their appropriate model and highlights the experiments that can be strategically designed to optimize the potential of an animal to develop the cardinal features of osteoporosis in humans. This book addresses the importance of recent findings from animal models and their significance on the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in relation to human disease.
Osteoporosis Research - Animal Models, presents in a very illustrative and practical manner, general methodologies of bone studies in animals, as well as the particular features of the most commonly used animal models in the field. Research in the field of osteoporosis has grown in recent years. This has resulted in significant advances in determining the causes of osteoporosis, assessing risk factors, and creating new treatment methods. The use of animal models provides important knowledge about pathological conditions that can eventually lead to the development of more effective clinical treatment of diseases in both humans and animals. Osteoporosis Research - Animal Models, is an essential tool for researchers in the bone field. This book aids researchers in selecting their appropriate model and highlights the experiments that can be strategically designed to optimize the potential of an animal to develop the cardinal features of osteoporosis in humans. This book addresses the importance of recent findings from animal models and their significance on the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in relation to human disease.
This book covers most of the topics with latest information on bone in general and research on bone healing in particular. The book is divided into 27 chapters covering almost all aspect of orthopaedic research in small and lab animals including basic knowledge about bone; fracture types and fracture healing; bone grafts and bone substitute; internal fracture fixation; external fracture fixation; bone morphogenetic protein; transforming growth factors; role of mesenchymal stem cell in osteoinduction; fracture healing in critical sized bone defect and in very large bone defect, effect of herb and herbal product in fracture healing, role of different hormones, anabolic steroid, NSAID drug, bone wax, ultrasound in fracture healing; minimal invasive fracture repair; management of comminuted femoral and tibial metaphyseal fracture; endocrine role of fracture healing; evaluation of bone graft, ceramic biomaterials in fracture healing and physiotherapy of orthopedic patients. This book includes different research findings on application of herb, herbal product, bone graft, ceramic biomaterials, mesenchymal stem cells, and different osteoinducers in bone regeneration. The main objective of this book is to provide the latest information to meet the requirements of not only undergraduate and post graduates research scholars but also to the teachers, biologists and clinician involved in animal treatment and orthopaedic research.
Osteomyelitis, or an infection of the bone, remains a major orthopaedic problem without a solution. As these unmet needs stem from our limited knowledge of microbial pathogenesis of chronic osteomyelitis, and the host response required for protective immunity, animal models of bone infection are still being developed after more than a century of research. Moreover, since osteomyelitis research spans the fields of microbiology, immunology, bone biology, biomechanics, orthopaedics and pre-clinical testing of drugs, vaccines and implants, the animal models used for this research must be equally diverse in their size and sophistication. Thus, the goals of this Chapter are to review the clinical problems and the animal models that have been developed to elucidate the etiology of osteomyelitis and evaluate potential interventions. Finally, since bone infections in which biofilm bacteria have colonized the calcified tissue are by definition incurable, we will discuss current biomarker research aimed at understanding in vivo bacterial growth and bone adaptation during chronic osteomyelitis using bioluminescent imaging and micro-computed tomography (μCT) outcome measures, respectively.
Infections of the bones (osteomyelitis) and joints (septic arthritis) are serious health problems which require antibiotics and often surgery. Awareness among health professionals of the causes and treatment options for various types of bone and joint infections is essential for effective resolution. Bone and Joint Infections takes a multidisciplinary approach in covering the diagnostic and therapeutic treatment of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis, including different types of implant-associated infections. Correct and rapid diagnosis of bone and joint infection is crucial, and requires the input of a variety of specialists. Bone and Joint Infection takes a similarly collaborative and comprehensive approach, including chapters authored by clinicians, laboratory specialists, and surgeons. Covering the basic microbiology and clinical aspects of bone and joint infection, this book will be a valuable resource both for researchers in the lab and for physicians and surgeons seeking a comprehensive reference on osteomyelitis and septic arthritis.
Covering all state-of-the-art experimental research methods in orthopedic surgery and trauma From bioinformatics to nanotechnology, advances in basic research ultimately drive advances in clinical care. This book provides a comprehensive summary of all current research methodologies for translational and pre-clinical studies in biomechanics and orthopedic trauma surgery. With this "roadmap" at hand, specialists and trainees will have the tools to conduct high-quality experimental research in any area of musculoskeletal science, with a solid understanding of how the findings can be applied in patient care. Special Features: Utilizes the principles and methodology of modern, evidence-based medicine in pre-clinical musculoskeletal research Offers a comprehensive analysis of in vivo models for studying different components of the musculoskeletal system Demonstrates how principles of structural, functional, and numerical biomechanics can be utilized in well-defined experimental research studies – spanning topics from fracture fixation to gait analysis to bone remodeling Covers the role of new macroscopic CT and ultrasound imaging techniques for assessing bone and cartilage function Explores cutting-edge developments in cell culture research, molecular testing, and tissue engineering Provides practical advice, a glossary of key terminology, and hundreds of illustrations to familiarize clinicians with every aspect of designing and interpreting an effective research study With 54 state-of-the-art chapters by orthopedic surgeons, musculoskeletal physicians, biologists, engineers, physicists, and mathematicians, Experimental Research Methods in Orthopedics and Trauma is the authoritative reference on the topic. It is essential for clinicians, basic researchers, and orthopedic surgical trainees who need to understand experimental research methodology, apply its findings, and participate fully in research activities.
Thanks to animal models, our knowledge of biology and medicine has increased enormously over the past decades, leading to significant breakthroughs that have had a direct impact on the prevention, management and treatment of a wide array of diseases.This book presents a comprehensive reference that reflects the latest scientific research being done in a variety of medical and biological fields utilizing animal models. Chapters on Drosophila, rat, pig, rabbit, and other animal models reflect frontier research in neurology, psychiatry, cardiology, musculoskeletal disorders, reproduction, chronic diseases, epidemiology, and pain and inflammation management. Animal Models in Medicine and Biology offers scientists, clinicians, researchers and students invaluable insights into a wide range of issues at the forefront of medical and biological progress.
The skeleton is a multifunctional organ system that serves several vital roles in the body. Although bone has the ability to remodel itself to repair damage and respond to calcium demands, it is subject to the rigors of aging, hormonal changes, and environment. Understanding the mechanisms that cause bone loss is an important facet of human medicine. Animal models permit mechanistic study of processes that regulate development and maintenance of skeletal mass, enabling meticulous investigation of new orthopedic strategies or bone-targeted pharmacologic therapies. The selection of an appropriate animal model, choice of skeletal analysis techniques, and proper interpretation of data are vital components of experimental design and analysis in bone research. In this chapter, we review time-tested criteria for choosing appropriate animal models, describe several common animal models of osteoporosis, and summarize some of the basic methodology available for in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro analysis of skeletal biology.