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It is known that aerosols have an impact on climate, air quality and health. To better characterize these effects, the knowledge of the aerosol particle properties, such as size and chemical composition, at the individual level is needed. Toward this purpose, a Single Particle Aerosol Laser Mass Spectrometer (SPALMS) has been designed and developed to characterize in details the organic fraction of particles. The instrument samples the aerosol with a nozzle system and sizes particles individually by laser velocimetry. The single particle constituents are then volatilized (desorption) and ionized (ionization) by laser. The resulting cations and anions are analyzed with a bipolar time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The resulting mass spectra provide a "fingerprint" of the particle composition. Thus the SPALMS instrument evaluates the mixing state, external versus internal, of the aerosol and allows the investigation of the chemical composition size dependency of the particles. The desorption and ionization steps are critical to obtain a good qualitative chemical analysis of the particle. Indeed many processes take place during these steps which fragment and alter the initial molecules in the particle. The simultaneous desorption and ionization with a single laser (337 nm) combined with a bipolar mass spectrometer is well suited for the analysis of mineral particles. On the other hand, organics in particles are better analyzed by operating first the constituents desorption with an infra-red laser (10.6 micrometers) and then the ionization shortly after with an ultra-violet laser (248 nm). Indeed molecules are softly ionized via a SPI or REMPI process. In this manner the resulting mass spectra are more representative of the particle composition since organics are less fragmented. As the SPALMS instrument involves many different measurement steps based of very different principles, it is equipped with many data acquisition devices (up to 12 channels) to record the correspo.
Until the 1980s, researchers studied and measured only the physical properties of aerosols. Since the 80s, however, interest in the physicochemcal properties of aerosols has grown tremendously. Scientists in environmental hygiene, medicine, and toxicology have recognized the importance held by the chemical composition and properties of aerosols and the interactions of inhaled, "bad" aerosols. This book offers the first comprehensive treatment of modern aerosol analytical methods, sampling and separation procedures, and environmental applications, and offers critical reviews of the latest literature. This important field has developed rapidly in the last 15 years, but until now, no book effectively summarized or analyzed the existing research. Analytical Chemistry of Aerosols reviews procedures, techniques, and trends in the measurement and analysis of atmospheric aerosols. With contributions from acknowledged, international experts, the book discusses various methods of bulk analysis, single particle analysis, and the analysis of special aerosol systems, including fibrous and bacterial aerosols.
Microscopic aerosol particles are a ubiquitous part of the earth's atmosphere. They are produced in vast numbers by both human activity (anthropogenic) and natural sources and subsequently modified by a multitude of processes. They are known to be crucially important in many issues that directly affect everyday life, which include respiratory health, visibility, clouds, rainfall, atmospheric chemistry and global and regional climate, but they are also one of the more poorly understood aspects of the atmosphere.
Helping you better understand the processes, instruments, and methods of aerosol spectroscopy, Fundamentals and Applications in Aerosol Spectroscopy provides an overview of the state of the art in this rapidly developing field. It covers fundamental aspects of aerosol spectroscopy, applications to atmospherically and astronomically relevant problem
Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications Third Edition is the most detailed treatment available of the latest aerosol measurement methods. Drawing on the know-how of numerous expert contributors; it provides a solid grasp of measurement fundamentals and practices a wide variety of aerosol applications. This new edition is updated to address new and developing applications of aerosol measurement, including applications in environmental health, atmospheric science, climate change, air pollution, public health, nanotechnology, particle and powder technology, pharmaceutical research and development, clean room technology (integrated circuit manufacture), and nuclear waste management.
Aerosols can influence the chemistry of the atmosphere as well as also impact global climate by directly scattering light and modifying cloud properties. Sea spray aerosols (SSA) are the second most abundant natural aerosol globally and have the potential to strongly influence atmospheric chemistry and scattering of solar radiation in marine regions. In this dissertation, an ATOFMS was utilized to characterize the chemistry of SSA, focusing on describing the mixing state of the population and also distributions of chemical components within particles. Existing paradigms describing SSA via single particle mass spectrometers (SPMS) were expanded upon and SPMS descriptions of SSA with results from offline spectromicroscopy and quantitative ensemble techniques were unifed. This research was facilitated by the development of a new SPMS data analysis toolkit, which enabled both script-based and visual data exploration all within a single programming environment. Utilizing this toolkit, ATOFMS depth profiling studies of supermicron SSA illustrated that much of the variation in SSA mass spectral signatures is likely due to inconsistent desorption of particles with core-shell morphologies, helping to unify online and offline descriptions of the SSA mixing state. In a study of SSA generated from a model seawater solution, the interpretation of single particle ion signatures were informed by complimentary offline microscopy images and quantitative chemical composition measurements. It was deduced that the high calcium signal and total negative ion yield were likely a product of the coordination of calcium to carboxylate in the desorbed and ionized particle. For the first time, depth profiling and size dependence analyses were coupled to isolate likely microbial ion signatures (BioSS) from within the SSA population. These new paradigms were applied to interpret SSA ATOFMS data sets from collaborative studies, where the influence of biologically mediated changes in seawater chemistry on SSA chemistry and climate impacts were explored. Concentrations of BioSS and warm ice nucleating particles were correlated, suggesting microbe-containing SSA may effectively nucleate ice in marine clouds. Finally, ATOFMS and aerosol mass spectrometry descriptions of SSA helped establish a mechanistic framework illustrating how SSA chemical composition is modulated not only by phytoplankton primary production but also by microbial degradation processes.