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This book describes the importance of the goal and scope phase for the entire LCA study. In this first phase of the LCA framework (ISO standardized), the purpose of the assessment is defined and decisions are made about the details of the industrial system being studied and how the study will be conducted. Selecting impact categories, category indicators, characterization models, and peer review is decided during goal and scope definition. The book provides practical guidance and an overview of LCIA methods available in LCA software. Although not specified in the ISO standards, Attributional LCA and Consequential LCA are presented in order to appropriately determine the goal and scope of an assessment. The book closes with the interconnection between goal and scope definition and the interpretation phase. Example goal and scope documents for attributional and consequential LCAs are provided in the annexes.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has become the recognized instrument to assess the ecological burdens and human health impacts connected with the complete life cycle (creation, use, end-of-life) of products, processes and activities, enabling the assessor to model the entire system from which products are derived or in which processes and activities operate. This volume introduces the major new book series LCA Compendium - The Complete World of Life Cycle Assessment. In this volume, the main drivers in the development of LCA are explored. The volume also discusses strengths and limitations in LCA as well as challenges and gaps, thus offering an unbiased picture of the state-of-the-art and future of LCA.
La mondialisation, la question environnementale et les mutations de la société imposent à chaque entreprise d’être toujours innovante, tant sur le plan technologique qu’organisationnel. La modernisation de la chaîne d’approvisionnement constitue la suite logique de l’évolution de la logistique d’entreprise depuis les années 1950. Cet ouvrage présente les éléments nécessaires à la mise en place d’une logistique durable : - la prise en compte de la dimension économique qui met en exergue les poids et rôle des connexions intra et inter-organisationnelles. C’est la remise en cause des notions de logistique amont, interne, aval, de mutualisation des transports, de prestations logistiques, de traçabilité et de systèmes d’information ; - la dimension environnementale qui s’intéresse à des aspects tels que l’éco-conception, la re-production, la gestion des déchets, la logistique des retours ou encore le transport « vert » ; - la dimension sociale/sociétale qui permet de poser un regard sur les ressources humaines internes et externes. Pour assurer une bonne mesure de la performance, La logistique durable propose l’élaboration d’un tableau de bord logistique.
Le contexte actuel mène les concepteurs vers des systèmes toujours plus complexes et performants, intégrant un grand nombre d’éléments souvent fortement couplés et appartenant à divers champs de la physique énergétique. Après une présentation de l’approche systémique de conception, ce premier volume rassemble les points-clés permettant de modéliser et de caractériser efficacement des systèmes multiphysiques (formalismes graphiques, Bond Graphs, GIC/REM), d’analyser la qualité et la stabilité des réseaux et de contribuer à la robustesse en conception intégrée. La gestion de l’énergie des systèmes énergétiques hybrides incluant du stockage est également largement détaillée et différentes méthodes statistiques permettant de dimensionner les réseaux ou de caractériser leur sûreté de fonctionnement sont proposées (par exemple, la méthode de Monte-Carlo). Les techniques d’analyse, de synthèse et de gestion présentées dans cet ouvrage participent à l’optimisation des systèmes énergétiques. Elles sont complétées par des approches spécifiquement orientées vers la conception par optimisation, objets du second volume.
The Guidelines for Social Life Cycle Assessment of Products provides a map, a skeleton and a flash light for stakeholders engaging in the assessment of social and socio-economic impacts of products life cycle. The map describes the context, the key concepts, the broader field in which tools and techniques are getting developed and their scope of application. The skeleton presents key elements to consider and provide guidance for the goal and scope, inventory, impact assessment and interpretation phases of a social life cycle assessment. The flash light highlights areas where further research is needed. Social Life Cycle Assessment is a technique available to account for stories and inform systematically on impacts that otherwise would be lost in the vast and fast moving sea of our modern world. May it help stakeholders to effectively and efficiently engage to improve social and socio-economic conditions of production and consumption
Life-cycle assessment of new energy solutions plays an important role in discussions about global warming mitigation options and the evaluation of concrete energy production and conversion installations. This book starts by describing the methodology of life-cycle analysis and life-cycle assessment of new energy solutions. It then goes on to cover, in detail, a range of applications to individual energy installations, national supply systems, and to the global energy system in a climate impact context. Coverage is not limited to issues related to commercial uses by consultants according to ISO norms. It also emphasizes life-cycle studies as an open-ended scientific discipline embracing economic issues of cost, employment, equity, foreign trade balances, ecological sustainability, and a range of geo-political and social issues. A wealth of applications are described and a discussion on the results obtained in each study is included. Example areas are fossil and nuclear power plants, renewable energy systems, and systems based on hydrogen or batteries as energy carriers. The analysis is continued to the end-users of energy, where energy use in transportation, industry and home are scrutinized for their life-cycle impacts. Biofuel production and the combustion of firewood in home fireplaces and stoves are amongst the issues discussed. A central theme of the book is global warming. The impacts of greenhouse gas emissions are meticulously mapped at a depth far beyond that of the IPCC reports. A novel and surprising finding is that more lives will be saved than lost as a direct consequence of a warmer climate. After a 2oC increase in temperature, the reduction in death rates in areas with cold winters would outweigh the increase in the death rates in hot climates. However, this is only one of several impacts from greenhouse gases, and the remaining ones are still overwhelmingly negative. The fact that some population groups may benefit from higher temperatures (notably the ones most responsible for greenhouse gas emissions) whilst others (who did not contribute much to the problem) suffer is one of the main points of the book. The book is suitable as a university textbook and as a reference source for engineers, managers and public bodies responsible for planning and licensing.