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This timely reference presents the state of the art of the emerging and rapidly changing field of bioremediation of chlorinated solvents, PCBs, and other chlorinated compounds, as well as PAHs, both in situ and on site. This landmark publication reports significant advances in bioremediation, with an emphasis on practical applications and state-of-the-art developments. Laboratory and field-oriented reviews are presented with the objective of tying treatability studies and recent laboratory developments to field applications. No other reference source gives you access to the most current techniques and methods for the bioremediation of chlorinated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds. This book represents the work of leading experts in the fields of in situ and on-site bioremediation from North America, Europe, and Asia. The chapters include current field applications and laboratory studies undertaken, in some cases, in countries with regulatory standards more stringent than those of the United States.
Abstract: A recent study demonstrated that mono-hydroxylated pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene are formed in the human large intestine as a result of metabolism by enteric microorganisms. This is the only documentation of the anaerobic biodegradation of the higher (greater than three rings) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The detection of carboxylated and methylated intermediates formed during the anaerobic mineralization of naphthalene in environmental samples suggest that the anaerobic biodegradation of higher PAHs may produce a variety of terminal or intermediate metabolites in addition to mono-hydroxylates. To investigate this possibility, phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene were incubated within a suspension of human enteric microorganisms under various treatment conditions. No metabolites were detected. These findings suggest that the biodegradation of PAH is not a major metabolic process of the human large intestine. Recent studies have demonstrated that the aliphatic region of natural organic matter (NOM) can retain appreciable quantities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) due to the presence of non-polar binding sites. Ingested NOM-associated PAH (e.g., benzo[a]pyrene) may be released in the human gastrointestinal tract and converted by liver hepatocytes to various mutagenic or carcinogenic metabolites following absorption. In this study, the release of phenanthrene from the aliphatic NOM surrogates cutin and cutan was measured under simulated human gastrointestinal conditions using three treatments designed to simulate the 1) biological, 2) chemical and 3) biological and chemical conditions of the gastrointestinal environment. Cutin was found to yield an average phenanthrene release 55% higher than cutan (94% vs. 39%). A significant decrease in phenanthrene release was observed in both the additions and additions + fecal treatments as compared to the water treatment (control). The presence of fecal microorganisms did not significantly influence phenanthrene release and did not contribute to a reduced phenanthrene bioaccessibility in gastrointestinal chyme. The results of this study demonstrate that phenanthrene bioaccessibility under simulated human gastrointestinal conditions is significantly influenced by the physical structure of the sorbent matrix as well as the abiotic component of gastrointestinal chyme.