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The lanthanide fluorides and mixtures of these fluorides exhibit fast ion conduction. A study has been made of ionic transport in single crystals of LaF3 systems using electrical conductivity and N.M.R. techniques. Analysing the conductivity results in terms of Schottky disorder yield values of the defect formation and migration enthalpies as 2.12 and 0.28 eV, respectively. At low temperatures the study of oriented crystals showed the conductivity // to the c-axis was twice that 1 to the c-axis. The N.M.R. relaxation time T1, T10 and T2 exhibited a complex behaviour. A model was developed to interpret these results on the basis of non-equivalent F sites in the lattice. Single crystals of La1-x Srx F3-x are good F ion conductors, better than would have been expected from previous publications. A full discussion of the results has been presented, along with suggestions for future work. (Author).
The main motivation for the organization of the Advanced Research Workshop in Belgirate was the promotion of discussions on the most recent issues and the future perspectives in the field of Solid State lonics. The location was chosen on purpose since Belgirate was the place were twenty years ago, also then under the sponsorship of NATO, the very first international meeting on this important and interdisciplinary field took place. That meeting was named "Fast Ion Transport in Solids" and gathered virtually everybody at that time having been active in any aspect of motion of ions in solids. The original Belgirate Meeting made for the first time visible the technological potential related to the phenomenon of the fast ionic transport in solids and, accordingly, the field was given the name "Solid State lonics". This field is now expanded to cover a wide range of technologies which includes chemical sensors for environmental and process control, electrochromic windows, mirrors and displays, fuel cells, high performance rechargeable batteries for stationary applications and electrotraction, chemotronics, semiconductor ionics, water electrolysis cells for hydrogen economy and other applications. The main idea for holding an anniversary meeting was that of discussing the most recent issues and the future perspectives of Solid State lonics just twenty years after it has started at the same location on the lake Maggiore in North Italy.
The object of this book is to review and to discuss some important applications of polymers in electronics. The first three chapters discuss the current primary applications of polymers in semiconductor device manufacturing: polymers as resist materials for integrated circuit fabrication, polyimides as electronics packaging materials, and polymers as integrated circuits encapsulates.
This volume presents a comprehensive collection of state-of-the-art advances in the field of solid state ionic materials and the design, fabrication and performance of devices that use them, such as lithium batteries, gas sensors, fuel cells, supercapacitors and electrochromic displays. These electrochemical devices are becoming pervasive in our technologically driven lifestyles.The book includes research activities being carried out in the new millennium, through special keynote addresses, as well as invited and contributed papers, related to experimental and theoretical modeling in solid state ionics. The excellent coverage of topics arranged in such a fashion helps students and beginners to understand the field with enthusiasm. It also encompasses various experimental techniques often employed in solid state ionics research, such as XRD, XPS, hole-burning spectroscopy, EDAX, EXAFS, SEM, thermal analysis techniques, ac-impedance spectroscopy and other electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic and potentiostatic electrochemical techniques. Theoretical and applied aspects of mixed conduction for applications mainly in solid oxide fuel cells occupy a portion of the text. Finally, this volume demonstrates the amount of research activities being carried out in this application-oriented field.Solid State Ionics will be of interest to all in the solid state ionics community, including chemists, physicists, materials scientists and electrochemists, both in industry and in research.
Nano Tools and Devices for Enhanced Renewable Energy addresses key challenges faced in major energy sectors as the world strives for more affordable and renewable energy sources. The book collates and discusses the latest innovations in nanotechnology for energy applications, providing a comprehensive single resource for those interested in renewable energy. Chapters cover a range of nano tools and devices, as well as renewable energy types and sources, from energy storage to geothermal energy. Materials scientists, engineers and environmental scientists interested in the application and evaluation of innovative nano tools and devices in renewable energy technologies will find this book very valuable. Nanotechnology can help to reduce energy consumption and lessen toxicity burdens on the environment. Despite the rapid growth of development and use of nanotechnology in the modern world, there are still challenges faced by researchers and development groups in industry and academia. This book helps solve the problems of reduced accessibility of relevant research, presenting important information on adverse impacts on the environment, human health, safety and sustainability. Covers a range of nano tools and devices, as well as renewable energy types and sources, from energy storage to geothermal energy Offers an insight into the commercialization and regulatory aspects of nanotechnology for renewable energy Helps solve the problems of reduced accessibility of relevant information, presenting important research on adverse impacts on the environment, human health, safety and sustainability
The rediscovery of fast ion conduction in solids in the 1960's stimulated interest both in the scientific community in which the fundamentals of diffusion, order-disorder phenomena and crystal structure evaluation required re-examination, and in the technical community in which novel approaches to energy conversion and chemical sensing became possible with the introduction of the new field of "Solid State Ionics. " Because of both the novelty and the vitality of this field, it has grown rapidly in many directions. This growth has included the discovery of many new crystalline fast ion conductors, and the extension to the fields of organic and amorphous compounds. The growth has involved the extension of classical diffusion theory in an attempt to account for carrier interactions and the development of sophisticated computer models. Diffraction techniques have been refined to detect carrier distributions and anharmonic vibrations. Similar advances in the application of other techniques such as NMR, Raman, IR, and Impedance Spectroscopies to this field have also occurred. The applications of fast ion conducting solid electrolytes have also developed in many directions. High energy density Na/S batteries are now reaching the last stages of development, Li batteries are being implanted in humans for heart pacemakers, and solid state fuel cells are again being considered for future power plants. The proliferation of inexpensive microcomputers has stimulated the need for improved chemical sensors--a major application now being the zirconia auto exhaust sensor being sold by the millions each year.
summarizes the fundamental energy storage mechanisms, critical achievements, and critical challenges from the view of practical application.