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The purpose of this quantitative study was to advance the research in the leadership field of intercollegiate athletics at the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II (NCAA DII) level. Particular focus was on the transactional and transformational leadership behaviors, as the independent variables, perceived by NCAA DII athletic directors, as to the relationship to defined organizational outcomes. Conceptual underpinnings were supported by Bass and Avolio's (2004) leadership theory as measured by the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) survey. The dependent variables were determined by the athletic-graduation rates and athletic team standings, based upon institutional data. The secondary focus was to gain an understanding of the demographic characteristics of the study group. The statistical findings of the study did not reveal that any significant differences existed between the leadership behavior factors and the defined organizational outcomes. Statistical results did find that relationships existed between IAD leadership factors and demographic characteristics. The IADs with more tenure at their current institution and at the NCAA DII level, utilized significantly more transactional and transformational leadership behaviors supporting Bass and Avolio's (2004) Augmentation Model of Transactional and Transformational Leadership. The overall philosophy of balance between academic and athletic achievement, as defined by the NCAA DII, supports and emphasizes that further research should be conducted at the NCAA DII level. If a problem exists for collegiate athletic leaders to balance academic and athletic achievement, it is recommended that these academic and athletic performance outcomes become part of the equation of the organizational leadership effectiveness definition and debate. It is recommended that higher education officials provide degree programs that teach a combination of higher education leadership theory and understanding plus sport management practices, where typically it is separated in one degree program or the other. Leadership practitioners in this collegiate athletic organizational context are recommended to further the research.
Athletic Director’s Desk Reference With Web Resource is the most authoritative and comprehensive resource available for collegiate athletic administrators. Loaded with practical tools, this resource guides program administrators in navigating their increasingly complex roles in athletic programs of any size. With this reference, administrators will confidently handle typical and unexpected situations and address the various policy and system needs required for running a successful athletic program. Authors Lopiano and Zotos, well known and respected for their contributions to collegiate and scholastic athletics, guide readers with more than 75 combined years of experience as athletic program administrators, coaches, and consultants. Complete with a practical web resource, Athletic Director’s Desk Reference offers extensive advice and tools for today’s athletic director, covering leadership and organizational planning, office and facilities operations, staff management, student–athlete relations, team administration, event management, fundraising, media relations, and more. Both the print and e-book versions of Athletic Director’s Desk Reference help readers quickly find the materials and information required for performing specific tasks or functions. They include numbered contents and cross-references to the web resource, allowing readers to move seamlessly between the two. This comprehensive resource includes more than 120 management tips and planning tools in the book that provide expert insights and strategic advice, and more than 340 documents in the web resource that can be downloaded and customized to meet the needs of each athletic program: • Management tips in the book present foundational information, problem-solving strategies, and suggestions for management of employees, programs, events, and facilities. • Planning tools in the book provide specific steps or considerations to take in the development of strategic plans, action plans, professional development plans, and governance systems. • Educational resources in the web resource can be used for teaching and motivating staff members, campus constituents, volunteers, and student-athletes. • Evaluation instruments and risk assessments in the web resource help directors, supervisors, and employees assess job performance, evaluate program contents, identify risks, and prevent litigation. • Policies and forms in the web resource allow athletic directors to produce effective policies and procedures with only simple modifications and customizations. The engaging narrative, philosophies, and advice from seasoned professionals combined with customizable and practical materials make this a unique and essential reference for athletic directors of all levels and abilities. Athletic Director’s Desk Reference empowers administrators to confront issues and lead with confidence while saving time and research. As a result, athletic directors will become more efficient, more effective, more mission driven, and more successful in virtually any task, decision, or strategy.
The purpose of this study was to a) examine leadership traits of effective Athletic Directors and b) determine the differences and similarities between NCAA Division I, II,III, and NAIA University Presidents’ and Athletic Directors’ assessments of the methods of leadership required for the position of Director of Intercollegiate Athletics, with particular regards to Autocratic, Democratic, Positive Feedback, Training and Instruction, Social Support, and Situational Consideration Behaviors, which are concepts drawn from Zhang and others’s (1997) Revised Leadership Scale for Sports (RLSS), an instrument specifically designed to measure research on sports-specific leadership behavior. A purposive sampling design was implemented. Fourteen participants with extensive experience in NCAA Division I, II, III, and NAIA intercollegiate athletics were recruited to secure expert insight. Participants included four University Presidents and four Athletic Directors, one each from NCAA Division I, II, III, and NAIA institutions. Remaining participants included two Conference Commissioners, two Head Coaches, and two Senior Athletic Administrators, all from NCAA Division I institutions. Semistructured interviews were implemented (Krueger and Casey, 2000). A listing of traits required for the Athletic Director role were collected through an inductive approach. Answers to series of follow-up questions provided the in-depth details of each behavior mentioned in the initial response. A series of structured questions-with each intended to be representative of each of the six RLSS constructs to confirm the construct validity for the current research-were implemented utilizing a deductive approach. A classical content analysis was applied to address the research question. A holistic coding approach was taken in reviewing the participants’ initial descriptions to identify types of traits associated with the Athletic Director role. A descriptive open-coding process was utilized to carefully code the data line-by-line to capture the overall meaning intended. A constant comparison analysis was conducted to systematically condense data into codes and then to develop themes. As a result, the following themes emerged as the leadership traits required for the intercollegiate Athletic Director position: (a) communicator, (b) driven, (c) personable, (d) poised, (e) principled, (f) self-aware, (g) skilled, and (h) visionary. Recommendations for future research and practical implications are offered.