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Fifty-seven castles founded in Glamorgan by 1217 are here described. These include mottes. castle-ringworks, and presumed Welsh earthworks, all without masonry, as well as sixteen masonry castles ranging from well known sites at Cardiff, Coity, and Ogmore, to the Welsh stone castle now identified at Plas Baglan. Later defensive monuments will be described in part lb. Glamorgan castles occur in unrivalled density, their study enriched by an exceptional range of works on local history and records. County borders embrace the lordships ot'Gower and Glamorgan. Most castles lie in the fertile lowlands where Norman rule was imposed. Welsh independence endured in the uplands until the mid-13th-century conquests of the Clare lords. When they inherited Glamorgan in 1217 Norman rule had survived unbroken in the lowlands from the late-11th century, if not in Gower. Profusely illustrated descriptions incorporate comprehensive historical accounts. The Introductory Survey and Sectional Preambles discuss the evidence, illustrated by maps and diagrams. Significant conclusions emerge: William the Conqueror founded Cardiff in 1081; Glacial drift provides a determinant for the segregation of mottes and castle-ringworks; Roman roads, forts, and river crossings influenced Norman settlement; Early Masonry Castles, rare in Wales, were numerous in Glamorgan. Castle of the lords of Glamorgan are of particular interest, especially Newcastle, which might be attributed to Henry II. These lords included King John (1189-1216) and leading magnates of the realm: Rufus's favourite, Robert Fitzhamon (1093-1107); Robert, earl of Gloucester, base son of Henry I (fa. 1J13-47); and later, the great Clare earls (1217-1314) and Edward II's favourite, Hugh Despenser (1317-26). Content Map of sites treated in this Part (la) of Volume IIII Chairman's Preface Report, with a List of Monuments selected by the Commissioners as most worthy of preservation List of Commissioners and Staff Authorship and Compilation Presentation of Material Introductory Survey I The Division of the material; Parts la and lb Explained II The Geographical Background III The Historical Background (1072-1217) IV The Early Castles Discussed Inventory of the Early Castles Section MO: Mottes without Masonry Section CR: Castle-Ringworks without Masonry Section UW: Unclassified, probably Welsh Castles Section VE: Vanished Early Castles Section MM: Masonry Castles Built Over Mottes Section MR: Masonry Castles built over Castle-ringworks Section EM: Early Masonry Castles Abbreviated Titles of References Map and List of Ecclesiastical Parishes, with incidence of Monuments Map and List of Civil Parishes, with incidence of Monuments Index of National Grid References for sites treated in Part la Glossary: General Glossary: Welsh Terms and Place-name Elements List of Figures, including maps and photographs General Index Alphabetical List of sites treated in Part 1 b of Volume III Map of sites treated in Part lb of Volume III
This Inventory forms Part ii of Volume IV of the series planned for the county of Glamorgan. Volume III is intended to survey the secular monuments of the Middle Ages: Part i, defensive, and Part ii, nondefensive. Volume IV is intended to survey the secular monuments of the period between the Reformation and the Industrial Revolution: Part i The Greater Houses, and Part ii The Farmhouses and Cottages. When complete, the series should provide a comprehensive description of the surviving dwellings of the people of Glamorgan, both fortified and unfortified, from the time of the Norman invasion until the accession of George III, together with a few selected monuments of later date. In Part i of the present volume were described the principal residences of the major land-owning families built between ca. 1540 and 1760. In all, 42 houses were fully illustrated and described. In Part ii will be found some of the secondary residences of those families, as well as houses of lesser landowners, but chiefly recorded here are the houses of minor gentry and the tenant farmers, yeomen, and husbandmen, effectively the 'middle class' of rural society. In all, 1,136 houses have been noted. In addition a selection of farmbuildings has been included, a total of 342 being noted. Contents Map of Ecclesiastical Parishes List of Maps Chairman's Preface Report, with List of Monuments selected by the Commissioners as especially worthy of preservation List of Commissioners and Staff Presentation of Material Abbreviated Titles of References Historical Survey Architectural Survey Maps illustrating Building Features Illustrated Inventory arranged by Plan Types MED Medieval Houses AL Sub-medieval, 'Direct-Entry' Houses with Lateral Chimney A Sub-medieval, 'Direct-Entry' Houses with Chimneys on the End Gable or on the Cross Wall away from the Entry B Sub-medieval, 'Hearth-passage', End-entry and Chimney-backing-onto-the-entry Houses BL Sub-medieval, 'Hearth-passage' Houses: Long-houses C Sub-medieval, 'Lobby-entry' Houses E Sub-medieval, 'Offset-entry' Houses H Sub-medieval, 'Gable-end-entry' Houses U Sub-medieval, 'Unit-system' Houses R Renaissance 'Central-planned,' Symmetrical Houses MISC Miscellaneous Domestic Remains L Llantwit Major CB Cowbridge F Farm Buildings List of Sites List of Ecclesiastical Parishes, with incidence of monuments List of Civil Parishes with incidence of monuments Glossary Index Map of Civil Parishes
This scholarly edition presents for the first time all of the known surviving letters of British novelist Sarah Harriet Burney (1772-1884). The overwhelming majority of these letters--more than ninety percent--have never before been published. Burney's accomplishments, says Lorna J. Clark, have been unjustly overlooked. She published five works of fiction between 1796 and 1839, all of which met with reasonable success, including Traits of Nature (1812), which sold out within three months. These letters position Burney among her fellow women writers and shed light on her relations with her publisher and her ambivalence toward her own work and her readership. Her lively observation of the literary scene evinces the range and scope of her reading, as well as her awareness of literary trends and developments. Burney was, for example, remarkably prescient in recognizing, and praising from the first, the talent of Jane Austen, and met several of the authors of her day. A challenging new perspective on family matters also emerges in the letters. The youngest child of the second marriage of Charles Burney, and the only daughter to remain unmarried, Sarah Harriet had the unenviable task of caring for her father in his later years. Her letters reveal a darker side of Dr. Burney, and also help to round out our image of a more favored daughter, Sarah Harriet's half-sister (and fellow novelist), Frances Burney. As literature, Clark observes, Burney's letters are, arguably, her best work. Thoroughly versed in the epistolary arts, she sought always to amuse and entertain her correspondents. Burney ultimately emerges as a quiet but heroic single woman, relegated to the margins of society where she struggled for independence and self-respect. Displaying literary qualities and a lively sense of humor, the letters provide a fascinating insight into the literary, political, and social life of the day.