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Three large rock-bolted underground cavities were constructed at the Nevada Test Site. Two of the cavities, approximately 100 feet in diameter and 140 feet high, were constructed at a depth of 1300 feet in a very weak tuff of excellent rock mass quality. The third cavity, approximately 60 feet in diameter and 80 feet high, was constructed at a depth of 350 feet in a jointed granite of high intact strength and fair to good rock mass quality. The stability of the cavities was monitored throughout construction by measuring rock displacements, observing fractures in near-surface rock, and observing the behavior of the rock-bolt support system. Supporting field and laboratory tests were performed in order to evaluate intact and in-situ properties of the rock mass. Radial movement of the cavities was measured using extensometers anchored at various depths in holes drilled from the cavity surface. Displacement versus depth profiles were used to determine the depth at which rock movement was concentrated. By comparing rock movement with excavation and support progress, a continual estimate of the cavity stability was obtained. Large displacements, or large rates of displacement, were indicative of potentially unstable behavior. Displacements were compared with displacements predicted from elastic theory, using a finite element solution and simple closed solutions. (Author).
This obscure and unusual 1961 manual details how the U.S. military goes about planning/constructing underground installations and bases. Chock-full of intricate details on design criteria, costing, construction methods and various special features like multiple portals, blast doors, ventilation considerations. If you ever wanted to build your own secret underground lair...then this is the book for you. All aspects of an underground installation are covered in great detail, from layouts for warehouses vs. office work vs. light manufacturing, construction methods depending on rock types, tunneling/drilling/blasting, support and drainage considerations, and tons of information on excavation techniques used in rock mining to create chambers, tunnels, housing and even roadways. Chapters included are: - Primary entrances - Secondary openings - Space layout - Excavation costs - Excavation methods - Horizontal openings in intact rock - Methods And Equipment For Excavating High Chambers - Shaft Raising - Methods And Equipment For Sinking Inclines - Hauling And Dumping - Support In Tunnels - Special Support Methods ...and more A fascinating look at an era during the Cold War when the planning of such secret bases was not only routine, but commonplace. If you have ever wondered how an underground base, like Cheyenne Mountain HQ for NORAD, was built under a solid granite mountain this enlightening book will provide many answers.
Visit any large metropolitan area in the world, and you'll feel theurgent need for innovative solutions to the many problems that facethe modern urban center. Geo-Space Urban Design offers a revolutionary proposal that willlead future urban growth quite literally in a differentdirection--down. Gideon Golany and Toshio Ojima clearly demonstratethat subsurface urban expansion is not only practical and feasible,but also that it can reverse many of the negative effects normallyassociated with urban expansion. They present a comprehensive andsystematic plan for developing underground spaces fortransportation, delivery systems, infrastructure, residences,shopping and commercial spaces, and social and cultural activities.The authors focus on integrating geo-space with existingabove-ground structures and offer well-illustrated examples ofspecific design theories and methods. They also anticipate avariety of contingent issues, such as land ownership, legal rights,and psychological adjustment to underground living andworking. Three case studies of Japanese projects that use underground spacefor shopping, transportation, and infrastructure explore the entirespectrum of issues surrounding the design, construction, andongoing operation of the facility, including form, function, andefficiency; health, safety, and comfort; legal issues; and specialmanagement and security considerations. Geo-space projects inMontreal and Paris are also examined. Geo-Space Urban Design appeals to a broad range of professionals,all of whom have important roles to play in the creation andoperation of the cities of the future. For urban designers,architects, and civil and architectural engineers, this book offersboth an eye-opening vision and a challenge to create viable spacesthat will revolutionize urban life; landscape architects,geographers, and environmentalists will find opportunities toredefine the relationship between society and the natural world;and psychologists, social scientists, and government officials willdiscover new levels of human adaptability, interaction, andcooperation. In this revolutionary book, two leading figures explain howgeo-space design and construction will enable urban planners tocope with the most difficult challenges posed by the continuedexpansion of metropolitan areas, including * Land preservation--conserving precious agricultural land in theface of rapid urban expansion * High urban land prices--making economical use of limited space inurban centers with soaring property values * Efficient urban scale--shrinking overextended and inefficientutility networks * Response to stressful climate--reducing energy consumption inregions subject to extremes of hot or cold weather The authors explore every facet of geo-space and point out thechallenges and opportunities these projects will hold for urbandesigners, architects, civil engineers, architectural engineers,landscape architects, geographers, environmentalists,psychologists, social scientists, and government officials.
This contributes to an understanding of the traditionally evolved system of below-ground housing and suggest show the design of modern earth-sheltered space can be improved. Within the context of Tunisian underground dwellings, this book studies heat gain and loss, and presents field research on the plan, operation, and functional aspects of such housing.