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Adolescent females in the United States and around the world are at an increase risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Understanding the factors that increase adolescent females vulnerability to HIV infection is necessary for the development of an effective HIV prevention program. The objective of this proposed research grant is to implement a community based HIV prevention program for adolescent females intended to change knowledge, attitudes, and behavior related to safe sexual practices. A quantitative experimental pre-test/post-test control group design will be utilized for the proposed research study. Two hundred and sixteen adolescent females aged 13 to 18 years of age who live in San Diego County will be recruited to participate in the study. The Health Belief Model (HBM) will be used as the framework for the intervention. Both the intervention group and the control group will receive six 60-minute sessions provided by four trained female healthcare facilitators. The intervention group will receive education on HIV infection and skill building activities necessary to practice safe sex. The control group will receive education on sexual health, healthy relationships, and keeping a healthy body. The intended outcome of the proposed study is to see if there is a change in knowledge, attitudes, and behavior related to safe sexual practices in adolescent females after completing a HIV prevention program. Outcomes of the intervention will be evaluated using four instruments: (1) HIV-Knowledge Questionnaire for adolescent girls (HIV-KQ AG), (2) Adolescents’ Attitudes: AIDS Precautions Scale (3) UCLA Multi-dimensional Condom Attitudes Scale (MCAS), and (4) An Adolescent and Young Adult Condom Self- Efficacy Scale. The proposed study is significant to nursing because the advanced practice nurse (APN) is a major provider in caring for the adolescent population. This gives the APN a valuable opportunity to provide HIV prevention education that is crucial for the adoption of lifelong attitudes, skills, and behavior that support the overall health and well being of adolescent females
One in five people in the United States had a sexually transmitted infection (STI) on any given day in 2018, totaling nearly 68 million estimated infections. STIs are often asymptomatic (especially in women) and are therefore often undiagnosed and unreported. Untreated STIs can have severe health consequences, including chronic pelvic pain, infertility, miscarriage or newborn death, and increased risk of HIV infection, genital and oral cancers, neurological and rheumatological effects. In light of this, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, through the National Association of County and City Health Officials, commissioned the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a committee to examine the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections in the United States and provide recommendations for action. In 1997, the Institute of Medicine released a report, The Hidden Epidemic: Confronting Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Although significant scientific advances have been made since that time, many of the problems and barriers described in that report persist today; STIs remain an underfunded and comparatively neglected field of public health practice and research. The committee reviewed the current state of STIs in the United States, and the resulting report, Sexually Transmitted Infections: Advancing a Sexual Health Paradigm, provides advice on future public health programs, policy, and research.
The AIDS epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa continues to affect all facets of life throughout the subcontinent. Deaths related to AIDS have driven down the life expectancy rate of residents in Zambia, Kenya, and Uganda with far-reaching implications. This book details the current state of the AIDS epidemic in Africa and what is known about the behaviors that contribute to the transmission of the HIV infection. It lays out what research is needed and what is necessary to design more effective prevention programs.
Both research and consultations over the last decades have identified sexuality-related communication as an issue that requires urgent attention. While clients would like their health-care providers to discuss sexual health concerns, health workers lack the necessary training and knowledge to feel comfortable addressing such issues. This guideline provides health policy-makers and decision-makers in health professional training institutions with advice on the rationale for health-care providers' use of counselling skills to address sexual health concerns in a primary health care setting.
Model Programs for Adolescent Sexual Health is a directory of the most promising and proven effective sexual education and prevention programs in the United States. The programs included in this volume were selected for their demonstrated positive impact on STI, pregnancy, and HIV/AIDS-related risk behaviors by a group of eminent HIV/AIDS expert scientists. The programs also show effective prevention strategies aimed at a variety of ages (children, adolescents, college students); a variety of ethnic and cultural orientations (Latino, African-American, GLBT, and more); and for use in a variety of settings (schools, community settings, medical clinics, and more). The following information is provided for each program listed in the directory: The Program Abstract summarizes the program, including its target clientele, site, approach, components, length, staffing requirements, program materials, and implementation costs The Program Rationale and History explains how the program was designed, and its underlying theoretical framework and assumptions Program Schedule explains the goals and activities of each program session Program Materials explains the necessary materials needed to implement the program (note that not all materials are included in this directory; however all can be ordered from Sociometrics) How to Implement the Program explains the ground rules and other necessary steps prior to implementation Evaluating the Program explains how the program was evaluated for its effectiveness
This thesis presents a secondary analysis of data (n = 120) collected in a study conducted through the Division of Adolescent Medicine at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario. This thesis seeks to (1) investigate gender differences in AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes and perceived risk among adolescents in day-treatment for substance use, and (2) determine whether gender differences affect the outcome of HIV-prevention interventions. At pre-test, females were more likely than males to have positive HIV prevention and condom use attitudes, consider themselves at higher risk of contracting HIV, have ever had a sexually transmitted infection, and to have engaged in high-risk sexual behaviours in the six months prior to interview. Males were more likely than females at pre-test to have used a condom at last intercourse. At post-test, males showed significant improvement in AIDS-related knowledge and condom attitudes regarding promiscuity, while females showed a significant increase in attitudes concerning condom use in relationships. In multiple linear regression models, gender was a significant predictor of change for seven scales. Significant gender interaction were also present in certain models. Results may have implications for the development of gender-specific HIV prevention programs among substance-using youth. Further investigation is required to validate or dispute the existence of gender differences in HIV-related attitudes and behaviour in this population.
This guide for youth-centered counseling is a tool developed to assist frontline providers in reaching young people and effectively promoting sexual health in Latin America and the Caribbean. It has been developed by the Child and Adolescent Health and HIV/AIDS Units, Family and Community Health Area, PAHO/WHO to assist in reaching young people and effectively promoting sexual health. It contains detailed and theory-based actions and methods to improve the quality of services for young people. Youth-centered counseling, to be effective, must respond to young people's individual sexual behaviour, context, and developmental stage. While the book includes guideline, strategies, and the theoretical underpinnings guiding the practice of counseling, the accompanying CD provides an additional practical tool. Based on experience from youth-centered counseling workshops, the CD serves both for self learning and as teaching materials in a group setting.
The United States has the dubious distinction of leading the industrialized world in overall rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), with 12 million new cases annually. About 3 million teenagers contract an STD each year, and many will have long-term health problems as a result. Women and adolescents are particularly vulnerable to these diseases and their health consequences. In addition, STDs increase the risk of HIV transmission. The Hidden Epidemic examines the scope of sexually transmitted infections in the United States and provides a critical assessment of the nation's response to this public health crisis. The book identifies the components of an effective national STD prevention and control strategy and provides direction for an appropriate response to the epidemic. Recommendations for improving public awareness and education, reaching women and adolescents, integrating public health programs, training health care professionals, modifying messages from the mass media, and supporting future research are included. The book documents the epidemiological dimensions and the economic and social costs of STDs, describing them as "a secret epidemic" with tremendous consequences. The committee frankly discusses the confusing and often hypocritical nature of how Americans deal with issues regarding sexualityâ€"the conflicting messages conveyed in the mass media, the reluctance to promote condom use, the controversy over sex education for teenagers, and the issue of personal blame. The Hidden Epidemic identifies key elements of effective, culturally appropriate programs to promote healthy behavior by adolescents and adults. It examines the problem of fragmentation in STD services and provides examples of communities that have formed partnerships between stakeholders to develop integrated approaches. The committee's recommendations provide a practical foundation on which to build an integrated national program to help young people and adults develop habits of healthy sexuality. The Hidden Epidemic was written for both health care professionals and people without a medical background and will be indispensable to anyone concerned about preventing and controlling STDs.
Young adulthood - ages approximately 18 to 26 - is a critical period of development with long-lasting implications for a person's economic security, health and well-being. Young adults are key contributors to the nation's workforce and military services and, since many are parents, to the healthy development of the next generation. Although 'millennials' have received attention in the popular media in recent years, young adults are too rarely treated as a distinct population in policy, programs, and research. Instead, they are often grouped with adolescents or, more often, with all adults. Currently, the nation is experiencing economic restructuring, widening inequality, a rapidly rising ratio of older adults, and an increasingly diverse population. The possible transformative effects of these features make focus on young adults especially important. A systematic approach to understanding and responding to the unique circumstances and needs of today's young adults can help to pave the way to a more productive and equitable tomorrow for young adults in particular and our society at large. Investing in The Health and Well-Being of Young Adults describes what is meant by the term young adulthood, who young adults are, what they are doing, and what they need. This study recommends actions that nonprofit programs and federal, state, and local agencies can take to help young adults make a successful transition from adolescence to adulthood. According to this report, young adults should be considered as a separate group from adolescents and older adults. Investing in The Health and Well-Being of Young Adults makes the case that increased efforts to improve high school and college graduate rates and education and workforce development systems that are more closely tied to high-demand economic sectors will help this age group achieve greater opportunity and success. The report also discusses the health status of young adults and makes recommendations to develop evidence-based practices for young adults for medical and behavioral health, including preventions. What happens during the young adult years has profound implications for the rest of the life course, and the stability and progress of society at large depends on how any cohort of young adults fares as a whole. Investing in The Health and Well-Being of Young Adults will provide a roadmap to improving outcomes for this age group as they transition from adolescence to adulthood.