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Problem: Obesity among preschool-aged children is a major public health concern as obese children are more likely to be obese as adults, and obesity is a risk factor for many chronic diseases. Diets high in fruits and vegetables (FV) may decrease the risk of many chronic diseases as well as contribute to obesity prevention. However, many preschool-aged children in the US are not meeting recommended intakes of FV. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine previous interventions conducted to increase FV consumption among preschool-aged children. Methods: The search for published articles was conducted using PubMed through the Weill Cornell Medical College library. The search terms "fruit AND vegetable AND consumption AND intervention" with specific filters were used to find studies that had been conducted on preschool-aged children, had full-text versions available online, were published in English, and were of rigorous design. Results: Thirty-four articles resulted, but only 12 were eligible to be included and further examined in this paper. Conclusions: The studies showed promising results for interventions conducted among preschool-aged children to increase the consumption of FV at least in the short-term. One common theme of many of the interventions was repeated exposure to and tastes of FV. Increased fruit consumption was typically achieved through less rigorous strategies, which may be due to children's natural taste preference for sweet food items. Further, many of the interventions involved multiple components.
Several school-based interventions aimed at increasing fruit and vegetables (FV) intake among children have demonstrated success in short-term interventions. The Fit Game is a school-based intervention aimed at encouraging children to consume increasing amounts of FV during a game, which is a narrative. Just as children are being encouraged to eat FV at school, so is it equally important for them to eat FV at home. Parents strongly influence the amount of FV children consume at home. The aim of this thesis is to examine associations between factors that influence consumption of fruits and vegetables at and away from school among children who are participating in a schoolbased intervention, which has been shown to increase fruit and vegetable consumption at school. Associations between factors of the home environment and FV intake of children at and away from school are also explored. The study population was 37 parent-child pairs who participated in the Fit Game intervention conducted at one elementary school in 2013 (n = 252). This study showed that there was an increase in FV intake of children at school during the period they played the Fit Game; however there was no change in fruit and vegetable intake away from school during that same period of time. In addition, though parents and children0́9s intake of FV were correlated, parents did not change their FV intake during the period of time their child participated in the Fit Game at school. There was no significance between children0́9s intake and the factors in the home environment including family meals, FV accessibility and availability as well as parental knowledge. This study used rigorous methods to assess dietary intake. It is, however, important that this study is replicated with a larger sample that is more diverse.
This special issue of Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism presents a series of papers on the first stages of the Pro Children Project. The Pro Children Project was funded by the European Commission to study fruit and vegetable intakes in 11- to 13-year-old children in nine European countries, and to develop and evaluate school-based interventions to promote fruit and vegetable intakes. A multidisciplinary and international team of researchers embarked upon this ambitious evidence-based and theory-driven project. The initial stages reported in this issue include the elaboration of questionnaires, applicable throughout the nine participating countries, for the assessment of fruit and vegetable consumption and potential determinants of consumption in the targeted age group. Secondly, cross-sectional surveys in all nine countries were conducted to assess intake levels and explore determinants in children and their parents. Furthermore, personal and group interviews with children, parents and teachers were conducted. The combined information from these studies was used to design a school-based intervention. The Pro Children Project provides up-to-date intake levels and truly comparable data on fruit and vegetable consumption for the first time. The ongoing evaluation will show if the Pro Children intervention can contribute to healthier diets in European schoolchildren, and will point out the potentials and constraints in implementing school-based intervention strategies across Europe.
Mothers of young children play a significant role in shaping their young children's fruit and vegetable (FV) intake. Internet-based interventions are a convenient and accessible method for delivering health education. This pilot study assessed the following two research questions: 1) Is mobile technology a feasible and acceptable way to increase nutrition knowledge and cooking confidence among mothers of young children, and 2) Will increasing nutrition knowledge and cooking confidence increase the daily number of FV servings that mothers of young children consume? Findings indicated that mobile technology is a feasible and acceptable way to increase nutrition knowledge, cooking confidence, and FV consumption. Furthermore, a higher adherence for the text-messaging component than for the blog was observed. A significant association between increased cooking confidence and increased FV intake was also observed. Outcomes from this study can be utilized to develop larger interventions and be incorporated into existing nutrition programs involving mothers such as Healthy Child Care Georgia.