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The deterioration of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures resulting from the corrosion of the steel reinforcement is a worldwide problem. As long as salt is used for de-icing or structures are built near the coast, chloride will continue to be a primary factor in compromising the durability of a structure. This report deals specifically with the ingress of salt from the environment, which can lead to severe corrosion of reinforcement. It reviews the international state-of-the-art with regard to chloride ingress into concrete and, in particular, considers: - The influence of concreting materials, mix design, curing and environment - methods for the detection of chloride ingress in structures - techniques used for studying chloride ingress
Chloride ingress in reinforced concrete induces corrosion and consequent spilling and structural weakness, and it occurs world-wide and imposes an enormous cost. Yet it can be resisted by using test methods and relevant models for service life prediction.Resistance of Concrete to Chloride Ingress sets out current understanding of chloride transport
This book presents the work of RILEM Technical Committee 270-CIM: Benchmarking Chloride Ingress Models on Real-life Case Studies - Theory and Practice. It provides a comparative benchmark analysis of various types of chloride ingress models with emphasis on short, medium and long-term predictions. The book is subdivided in five chapters. The first chapter is an introduction on the benchmark and selected cases. The second chapter reports theoretical backgrounds of various analytical and numerical models for chloride ingress, followed by a short description of the models employed in the benchmark analysis. Chapter three describes the benchmark results of the Marine Submerged case, and chapter 4 of the Road Sprayed case. The last chapter reports conclusions, guidelines for calibration and recommendations. The book will benefit academics, designers, engineers, consultants, but also asset owners and standardization committees interested in durability and service life assessment of concrete structures.
Chloride-induced corrosion is the most important durability issue of reinforced concrete structures, and the prediction and prevention of chloride-induced corrosion has attracted considerable interest all over the world. Given that chloride penetrates through the concrete cover, the issues concerning its transport are crucial. These include testing methods, prediction, and the prevention of ingress. During the transport process, physical and chemical interaction occurs between chloride and cement hydrates, which in turn affects the further transport, so the transport of chloride and these interactions are closely related and underpin our understanding of chloride-induced corrosion in RC structures. This book provides in-depth discussion of chloride transport and its interaction in cement-based materials, and reviews and summarizes the state of the art. The mechanisms and testing methods for chloride transport, chemical interactions of chloride with cement hydrates, chloride binding isotherms, measurement of penetration depths, factors affecting chloride transport, and modeling of chloride transport are discussed in detail. This book serves as a reference for researchers or engineer, and a textbook for graduate students.
This book summarizes the latest advances in understanding chloride ingress and steel corrosion in concrete under service loads. Unlike the existing literature, it focuses specifically on the effect of service loads on chloride-induced durability issues in reinforced concrete structures. It discusses how service loads affect the moisture and chloride penetration rate, corrosion kinetics and rust distribution, as well as the structural performance of concrete components (e.g. beams and columns) in a systematic and hierarchical way. Given its scope, the book is chiefly intended for researchers and industry practitioners in structural engineering, particularly those whose work involves the durability design of concrete structures.
fib Bulletin 34 addresses Service Life Design (SLD) for plain concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete structures, with a special focus on design provisions for managing the adverse effects of degradation. Its objective is to identify agreed durability related models and to prepare the framework for standardization of performance based design approaches. Four different options for SLD are given: - a full probabilistic approach, - a semi probabilistic approach (partial factor design), - deemed to satisfy rules, - avoidance of deterioration. The service life design approaches described in this document may be applied for the design of new structures, for updating the service life design if the structure exists and real material properties and/or the interaction of environment and structure can be measured (real concrete covers, carbonation depths), and for calculating residual service life. The bulletin is divided into five chapters: 1. General 2. Basis of design 3. Verification of Service Life Design 4. Execution and its quality management 5. Maintenance and condition control It also includes four informative annexes, which give background information and examples of procedures and deterioration models for the application in SLD. The format of Bulletin 34 follows the CEB-FIP tradition for Model Codes: the main provisions are given on the right-hand side of the page, and on the left-hand side, the comments. Note: An Italian translation of Bulletin 34 is also available; contact us for further details.