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Canada is regularly presented as a country where liberalism has ensured freedom and equality for all. Yet as Canada expanded westward and colonized First Nations territories, liberalism did not operate to advance freedom or equality for Indigenous people or to protect their property, but rather had a markedly debilitating effect on virtually every aspect of their lives. This study explores the operation of exclusionary liberalism between 1877 and 1927 in southern Alberta and the southern interior of British Columbia. The exploration of the extension of liberal colonial rule in these two regions provides the opportunity to illustrate the flexibility, adaptability, plurality and multifaceted nature of Canada's liberal colonial project which incorporated an array of strategies and justifications to meet local conditions and opposition. To facilitate, fashion, and justify liberal colonial expansion Canada relied extensively on surveillance which operated to exclude and reform Indigenous people. In this period surveillance was far more intensive and dramatic in southern Alberta than in the British Columbia interior but in both areas, in addition to inculcating Anglo-Canadian liberal capitalist values, structures, and interests as normal, natural, and beyond reproach it worked to exclude or restructure the economic, political, social, and spiritual tenets of Indigenous cultures. Further, surveillance identified which previously reserved lands, established on fragments of First Nations territory, could be further reduced by a variety of dubious means. While in both regions there was the appearance of consultation, this was limited and designed to be of little consequence. To protect the chimera of what liberalism had to offer First Nations, the general nature of Canada's colonial project, as well as its local specifics and the textual record of its operation, were hidden from Indigenous people wherever and whenever possible. While none of this proceeded unchallenged, surveillance served as well to mitigate against, even if it could never completely neutralize, opposition. Considering Canada's efforts a controlling both information and Indigenous political, economic, and social structures, the degree and variety of the challenge to the imposition of Anglo-Canadian liberal rule is remarkable.
This important new collection brings together ten of Alden Vaughan's essays about race relations in the British colonies. Focusing on the variable role of cultural and racial perceptions on colonial policies for Indians and African Americans, the essays include explorations of the origins of slavery and racism in Virginia, the causes of the Puritans' war against the Pequots, and the contest between natives and colonists to win the other's allegiance by persuasion or captivity. Less controversial but equally important to understanding the racial dynamics of early America are essays on early English paradigmatic views of Native Americans, the changing Anglo-American perceptions of Indian color and character, and frontier violence in pre-Revolutionary Pennsylvania. Published here for the first time are an extensive expos'e of slaveholder ideology in seventeenth-century Barbados, the second half of an essay on Puritan judicial policies for Indians, a general introduction, and headnotes to each essay. All previously published pieces have been revised to reflect recent scholarship or to address recent debates. Challenging standard interpretations while probing previously-ignored aspects of early American race relations, this convenient and provocative collection by one our most incisive commentators will be required reading for all scholars and students of early American history.
Rise and demise of nations are man-made and can be humanly controlled. These are neither naturally determined nor divinely fated. This book captures the root-process presiding over the problems, challenges, and the opportunities nations of the world face today. America has a three-dimensional problem. Its “process controls” have equated its “purpose controls.” Internally, it has developed “integration energy traps.” Externally, it has created a dangerously “interest-based” world order. America must move to the “next level” of human collectivity; or an Armageddon might hit us all within the next few decades. The Muslims’ “idea of State” is too “invalid”, “antiquated” and perilously “anti-liberty” to allow large political systems to evolve in the Islamic world. It has been incessantly sinking back into anarchy. The “Arab Spring” is continuation of medieval, chaotic and “identity-based” shift of power, devoid of “value” and “political mass”. With the given trends, the world must be ready for more Talibans, Bin Ladens, and Al-Qaedas, possibly equipped with weapons of mass destruction. India and China have big “N-factor”. But at controls level, unsustainability afflicts China and an age-old “identity clamp” is failing India. Both nations will see reversals in near future. China must realize that “economic future” is a component of “political future”; not the other way round. India must understand that democracy divorced from political creativity leads back to tyranny and anarchy. The basis of the entire debate is “Integration Energy Theory” which explains the reality of human togetherness in a timeless and non-spatial manner.
A New York Times bestseller—over one million copies sold! A National Book Award winner A Boston Globe-Horn Book Award winner Bestselling author Sherman Alexie tells the story of Junior, a budding cartoonist growing up on the Spokane Indian Reservation. Determined to take his future into his own hands, Junior leaves his troubled school on the rez to attend an all-white farm town high school where the only other Indian is the school mascot. Heartbreaking, funny, and beautifully written, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, which is based on the author's own experiences, coupled with poignant drawings by Ellen Forney that reflect the character's art, chronicles the contemporary adolescence of one Native American boy as he attempts to break away from the life he was destined to live. With a forward by Markus Zusak, interviews with Sherman Alexie and Ellen Forney, and black-and-white interior art throughout, this edition is perfect for fans and collectors alike.