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Lateral-directional handling qualities and roll control power requirements for executive jet and military Class II Airplanes in the landing approach flight phase were investigated in the variable stability T-33 airplane. Particular emphasis was placed on the effects of crosswinds and turbulence. Simulated IFR ILS approaches and VFR offset and crosswind approaches were made. Specifically, two Dutch roll frequencies, three Dutch roll damping ratios, three roll-to-sideslip ratios and three roll mode time constants were investigated. It was found that lateral-directional dynamics do not establish a limiting crosswind value; however, they do determine the ease or difficulty with which a crosswind approach can be accomplished. Roll control power requirements were determined from actual control usage data obtained throughout the evaluation program. In addition, a number of configurations were reevaluated with limited roll control power to determine minimum acceptable levels. Available roll control power can establish a limiting crosswind component. A number of configurations were evaluated with a stick controller in place of the normally used wheel controller to determine if the type of controller affected the lateral-directional dynamics for acceptable handling qualities. No difference was found to exist. A detailed comparison with MIL-F-8785B(ASG) requirements is included and generally shows the present requirements to be too conservative in the landing approach flight phase. (Author).
Lateral-directional handling qualities and roll control power requirements for the executive jet class of airplanes in the landing approach flight phase were investigated in the USAF/CAL variable stability T-33 airplane. Particular emphasis was placed on the effects of crosswinds and turbulence. Simulated IFR ILS approaches and VFR offset and crosswind approaches were made. Specifically, two Dutch roll frequencies, three Dutch roll damping ratios, three roll-to-sideslip ratios and three roll mode time constants were investigated. It was found tht for the range of parameters investigated, lateral-directional dynamics do not establish a limiting crosswind value; however, they do determine the ease or difficulty with which a crosswind approach can be accomplished. Roll control power requirements were determined from actual control usage data obtained throughout the evaluation program and were found to be a function of the lateral-directional dynamics. Minimum acceptable levels of roll control power were determined by re-evaluating a number of configurations with limited roll control power. It was found that available roll control power can establish a limiting crosswind component.
A flight investigation of the influence of lateral-directional dynamics and control power requirements on flying qualities for STOL aircraft in terminal area operations was conducted using the X-22A variable stability aircraft. The primary dynamic variables of the experiment were roll mode time constant, Dutch roll undamped natural frequency, roll-to-sideslip ratio, and yaw due to aileron; in addition, the roll control power available was varied by electrically limiting the lateral stick command of the evaluation pilot. Three pilots performed 102 evaluations of various combinations of these variables at a representative STOL approach condition of gamma = -7.5 degrees, V = 65 kts. During the evaluations, a qualitative separation of ambient turbulence level was made through approximate measurements from the aircraft. (Modified author abstract).
An investigation to determine the ranges of various lateral directional characteristics required to provide adequate flying qualities for turning maneuvers at low speed was undertaken using an airborne V/STOL aircraft simulator. Five parameters were varied in a systematic manner: the damping ratio, the frequency, and the ratio and the frequency of the numerator of the roll-angle to aileron-control-input transfer function. The pilots performed a low speed, visual maneuvering task and documented their assessment of the characteristics through extensive comments and a numerical rating. The report presents all the data categorized with respect to the test parameters. (Author).
An in-flight investigation using a variable stability airplane has shown that some degree of spiral stability is desirable in cruising flight and that not all aspects of a stable spiral are necessarily good. The amount of spiral stability needed and the acceptability of the handling qualities are a function of roll damping, roll-to-sideslip ratio and aileron friction characteristics. A basic configuration representative of high altitude, high speed executive jet airplane in cruising flight was selected. The Dutch roll frequency and damping ratio and longitudinal handling qualities were held constant. Two values of roll mode time constant and roll-to-sideslip ratio were evaluated for a large variation in spiral characteristics. In addition, a subset of configurations was evaluated with aileron friction. The vehicle used was the variable stability T-33 airplane equipped with a wheel controller. Both VFR and IFR conditions were investigated. (Author).
Three pilots performed 102 evaluations of various combinations of variables at a representative STOL approach condition of gamma = 7.5 degrees, V = 65 kts. During the evaluations, a qualitative separation of ambient turbulence level was made through approximate measurements from the aircraft. The configuration dynamics were identified and verified with a digital identification technique developed for the X-22A, and data analyses include statistical measurements of pilot workload and performance, as well as correlation of pilot rating data with these measures, the configuration dynamics, and the roll control power available. (Modified author abstract).
The report uses as a point of departure the concept that control of bank angle is the primary piloting task in maintaining or changing heading. Regulation of the bank angle to maintain heading is a close-loop tracking task in which the pilot applies aileron control as a function of observed bank angle error. For large heading changes, the steady-state bank angle consistent with available or desired load factor is attained in an open-loop fashion; it is then regulated in a closed-loop fashion throughout the remainder of the turn. For the transient entry and exit from the turn, the pilot is not concerned with bank angle per se, but rather with attaining a mentally commanded bank angle with tolerable accuracy in a reasonable time, and with an easily learned and comfortable program of aileron movements.
Lateral-directional dynamic stability derivatives, characteristics, and handling qualities of tilt-wing V/STOL configuration.
From the early machines to today's sophisticated aircraft, stability and control have always been crucial considerations. In this second edition, Abzug and Larrabee again forge through the history of aviation technologies to present an informal history of the personalities and the events, the art and the science of airplane stability and control. The book includes never-before-available impressions of those active in the field, from pre-Wright brothers airplane and glider builders through to contemporary aircraft designers. Arranged thematically, the book deals with early developments, research centers, the effects of power on stability and control, the discovery of inertial coupling, the challenge of stealth aerodynamics, a look toward the future, and much more. It is profusely illustrated with photographs and figures, and includes brief biographies of noted stability and control figures along with a core bibliography. Professionals, students, and aviation enthusiasts alike will appreciate this readable history of airplane stability and control.