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Scientific Essay from the year 2010 in the subject Politics - Miscellaneous, , language: English, abstract: The issue behind the effectiveness of external finance has been studied from diverse perspectives. The question of whether external finance assists poor nations to develop in a sustained manner is still mired in controversy. Development assistance may be given to governments; but the effectiveness will crucially rely on their fiscal response. The relationship between the fiscal activities of the government and foreign aid is however, not straight forward, for the reason that some part of the development assistance is fungible. The preponderance proof from empirical literature on the effectiveness of aid proposes that external finance has not had a noteworthy influence on growth in most receiving nations. However, there are some proofs that external finance has had some significant impacts on development in most conducive policy climates. Most of the evidence concerning the correlation between aid and the key channels via which its influence on growth could flow on domestic saving and investment is mixed. This is because some indication shows that aid has had significant influence on investment and domestic saving in nations where adjustment efforts have been sustained.
The preponderance of evidence from the empirical literature on aid effectiveness suggests that development aid has not had a significant impact on growth in recipient countries. However, there is some evidence that aid has had positive effects when the policy environment has been conducive to growth. Regarding the relationship between aid and the main channels through which its impact on growth could flow—investment and domestic saving—the evidence is mixed, with some indication that aid has had a positive impact where adjustment efforts have been sustained.
Master's Thesis from the year 2016 in the subject Economics - Case Scenarios, grade: Great Distinction, University of Antwerp (Institute of Development Policy and Management (IOB)), language: English, abstract: The paper investigates the relationship between foreign aid and government fiscal behavior. An overview of the global trend of foreign aid flows over the last few decades is provided, as well as literature and research on fiscal response studies that have aimed to examine how these aid flows influence the fiscal decisions of aid recipient governments. The paper assesses the impact of foreign aid flows on fiscal aggregates, taking into focus the case of Zambia. In particular, the paper goes into detail examining how government investment, consumption, revenue, and domestic borrowing are associated with both aggregated and disaggregated aid. The paper adopts a quantitative approach in its analysis. A Vector Error Correction approach was used to estimate the relationship between foreign aid and fiscal aggregates data for Zambia over the period 1970-2014. The econometric estimation used annual data and analyzed both short-run and long-run effects. The following were the findings: Foreign aid flows were found to be positively associated with government investment, consumption, and domestic borrowing. While government revenue was negatively associated with foreign aid. In the short-run, it was observed that grants were used to reduce the level of the country’s domestic debt stock. Whereas, net foreign loans were seen as a substitute for domestic revenues and were used to finance the budget deficit. The paper concluded by providing a number of recommendations that suggested improvement in government’s revenue mobilization efforts, effective management of the country’s domestic debt, and the deliberate action to direct revenue resources towards investment expenditure. In order to achieve sustained growth and ensure the effective use of aid, donor partners were recognized as important actors in supporting the government’s fiscal policy direction. There has been high momentum in the scaling up of foreign aid in recent years. The turn of the millennium saw calls by the development community to increase foreign aid to developing countries so as to assist them in attaining the Millennium Development Goals. The mechanisms through which foreign aid flows are transmitted to recipient countries require that the aid resources are channeled through the government. Thus, for foreign aid to have any meaningful impact is highly dependent on how governments respond to inflows of aid.
Assessing Aid determines that the effectiveness of aid is not decided by the amount received but rather the institutional and policy environment into which it is accepted. It examines how development assistance can be more effective at reducing global poverty and gives five mainrecommendations for making aid more effective: targeting financial aid to poor countries with good policies and strong economic management; providing policy-based aid to demonstrated reformers; using simpler instruments to transfer resources to countries with sound management; focusing projects oncreating and transmitting knowledge and capacity; and rethinking the internal incentives of aid agencies.
This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the effectiveness of fiscal policy. The focus is on the size of fiscal multipliers, and on the possibility that multipliers can turn negative (i.e., that fiscal contractions can be expansionary). The paper concludes that fiscal multipliers are overwhelmingly positive but small. However, there is some evidence of negative fiscal multipliers.
An introduction to the theory and methods of empirical asset pricing, integrating classical foundations with recent developments. This book offers a comprehensive advanced introduction to asset pricing, the study of models for the prices and returns of various securities. The focus is empirical, emphasizing how the models relate to the data. The book offers a uniquely integrated treatment, combining classical foundations with more recent developments in the literature and relating some of the material to applications in investment management. It covers the theory of empirical asset pricing, the main empirical methods, and a range of applied topics. The book introduces the theory of empirical asset pricing through three main paradigms: mean variance analysis, stochastic discount factors, and beta pricing models. It describes empirical methods, beginning with the generalized method of moments (GMM) and viewing other methods as special cases of GMM; offers a comprehensive review of fund performance evaluation; and presents selected applied topics, including a substantial chapter on predictability in asset markets that covers predicting the level of returns, volatility and higher moments, and predicting cross-sectional differences in returns. Other chapters cover production-based asset pricing, long-run risk models, the Campbell-Shiller approximation, the debate on covariance versus characteristics, and the relation of volatility to the cross-section of stock returns. An extensive reference section captures the current state of the field. The book is intended for use by graduate students in finance and economics; it can also serve as a reference for professionals.
This book provides an innovative framework to analyze the process of industrial upgrading and diversification, a key feature of economic development. Based on this framework, it provides concrete advice to development practitioners and policy makers on how to unleash a country's growth potential.
Top experts in the field discuss how to improve the effectiveness of foreign aid, proposing practical solutions to specific problems rather than a utopian master plan. The urgency of reducing poverty in the developing world has been the subject of a public campaign by such unlikely policy experts as George Clooney, Alicia Keyes, Elton John, Angelina Jolie, and Bono. And yet accompanying the call for more foreign aid is an almost universal discontent with the effectiveness of the existing aid system. In Reinventing Foreign Aid, development expert William Easterly has gathered top scholars in the field to discuss how to improve foreign aid. These authors, Easterly points out, are not claiming that their ideas will (to invoke a current slogan) Make Poverty History. Rather, they take on specific problems and propose some hard-headed solutions. Easterly himself, in an expansive and impassioned introductory chapter, makes a case for the “searchers”—who explore solutions by trial and error and learn from feedback—over the “planners”—who throw an endless supply of resources at a big goal—as the most likely to reduce poverty. Other writers look at scientific evaluation of aid projects (including randomized trials) and describe projects found to be cost-effective, including vaccine delivery and HIV education; consider how to deal with the government of the recipient state (work through it or bypass a possibly dysfunctional government?); examine the roles of the International Monetary Fund (a de-facto aid provider) and the World Bank; and analyze some new and innovative proposals for distributing aid. Contributors Abhijit Banerjee, Nancy Birdsall, Craig Burnside, Esther Duflo, Domenico Fanizza, William Easterly, Ruimin He, Kurt Hoffman, Stephen Knack, Michael Kremer, Mari Kuraishi, Ruth Levine, Bertin Martens, John McMillan, Edward Miguel, Jonathan Morduch, Todd Moss, Gunilla Pettersson, Lant Pritchett, Steven Radelet, Aminur Rahman, Ritva Reinikka, Jakob Svensson, Nicolas van de Walle, James Vreeland, Dennis Whittle, Michael Woolcock