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The purpose of this correlational study was to determine the correlation between perceived leadership style and academic achievement in Title I Virginia elementary schools as measured by Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) status. The results of this study could provide education institutions and school districts with insight regarding education for school administration that would enhance characteristics that may increase academic achievement. The researcher examined the correlation between principals’ perceived leadership styles and the AYP status of Title I elementary schools in Virginia through the use of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and Virginia Report Cards, through a point-biserial correlation analysis. This study involved principals in Title I Virginia elementary schools and their teachers, henceforth referred to as raters. It was determined that there was not a significant correlation between perceived transformational or transactional leadership characteristics and academic achievement; however, there was a significant correlation between perceived laissez-faire leadership characteristics and academic achievement. It was also determined that there was a significant positive correlation between perceived transformational and transactional leadership characteristics and extra effort, productivity, and satisfaction. There was a significant negative correlation between perceived laissez-faire leadership characteristics and extra effort, productivity, and satisfaction. Further research could include the length of a principal’s tenure in correlation to AYP status, as well as the demographics of the schools in correlation to AYP status.
Multiple Regression was used to examine the relationship between the principal's leadership styles (Independent Variable) and growth in the Performance Index (Dependent Variable). The 19 principals' dominant leadership style was transformational leadership. The regression model failed to be significant; therefore, based on the data, leadership as measured by the MLQ-5X is not a good predictor for growth. The relationship on school leadership and growth was not significantly substantial. Although there was no predictive relationship, the data verify that the 19 schools that have shown growth had transformational leaders. Future research suggests a larger sample size to determine if leadership styles have a relationship to student growth.
Since the passage of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) in 2001, the most recent version of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965), the role of the school principal has been expanded to include significant responsibilities for the instructional leadership of schools, ensuring that all children achieve to meet high standards, and that the needs of children with special learning challenges are met. At the core of the No Child Left Behind Act (2001) are a number of measures designed to drive broad gains in student achievement and to hold states and schools more accountable for student progress. Principals are expected to respond to accountability measures imposed by external constituents by acting as agents of change. Since the passage of the Act, standardized tests and assessment-based reforms have been widely implemented in the public school system in the United States. The intent of these reforms is to academically challenge all students to meet high standards, including English Language Learners (ELLs), and to ensure that attention and resources are given to these students to help them achieve their full potential. NCLB requires school districts to annually report the standardized test scores of student subgroups, including the ELLs. They are required by the law to meet targets set by their states for "adequate yearly progress," or AYP, or face sanctions. NCLB regulations stipulate that ELLs must be tested in mathematics beginning with the first round of state exams after the students enter a United States school, and in reading after they have been in a U.S. school for at least one year. This poses a tremendous challenge for teachers and for school principals, whose schools are publicly identified in the accountability system in New York State as meeting or failing to meet the target based on student achievement on these assessments. This quantitative study identified the attributes (beliefs and practices) of principals in New York State schools outside of New York City that contribute to ELLs' success as measured by their performance on state tests. The following areas were examined: visionary leadership, cultural and instructional leadership, school management and parent and community relations. Statistically significant results were found in ten areas of principal leadership in three of the five are as that were examined. In the area of cultural leadership, practicing shared leadership, creating a school climate that values diversity, professionally developing both ELL teachers and other staff working with ELLs on best practices, creating a climate of accountability for ELLs, and establishing and monitoring goals for ELL success emerged from the data as statistically significant. In the area of instructional leadership, collecting data on the ELLs early and visiting classrooms regularly to provide teachers substantial feedback on their instructional practices also emerged as statistically significant. Lastly, in the area of school management, taking a key role in the improvement of teaching and learning for ELLs, recruiting and retaining qualified and invested teaching staff, and acquiring resources to support ELL teaching were areas of principal leadership that surfaced as significant findings. The survey results gleaned from respondents provide direction to the field in ELL education and identify the specific areas of focus for school leaders in the development of a quality program that will yield desired results for this growing population of students in our schools.
This study examined the impact of principals' leadership styles on the academic achievement of students as measured by the Mississippi Curriculum Test, Second Edition (MCT2). The 2013-2014 school year MCT2 mathematics and language arts scores were used as measures of student achievement and high-stakes testing. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ5x) was distributed to 420 principals. However, because of incomplete information given by the principals on the questionnaire, and the fact that the Mississippi Department of Education (MDE) did not report MCT2 scores for particular schools, some of the principals' information was not useful; thus leaving the researcher with a sample size of n = 110 participants. This study was guided by 2 research questions. Relationships were analyzed using the Multivariate test for Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) in which the variable of socioeconomic status was used as a covariate because it was found to result statistically different scores across group means. The research questions sought to determine what type of principal leadership style resulted in higher student achievement in mathematics and language arts. The findings of this study indicated that there were no statistically significant differences among the transformational, transactional, and passive avoidant leadership styles. It is imperative that principals draw from all leadership approaches (i.e. transformational, transactional, and passive avoidant approach) in their practice instead of focusing on just one type of leadership style. This is true especially in schools that serve a large percentage of students that come from families with low socioeconomic status since this study found that socioeconomic status had a statistical significant effect on student achievement. Only through the utilization of research-based practices will schools be able to raise the bar of student achievement by revamping the leadership style of the school's ultimate instructional leader, the principal.
Principals navigate the dynamic complexities and subtleties of their schools every day. They promote, facilitate, and lead efforts to achieve both tangible and intangible results throughout the school community. They fulfill a role that includes counseling, budgeting, inspiring, teaching, learning, disciplining, evaluating, celebrating, consoling, and a million other critical functions. As the principalship has evolved and grown, so have the expectations of it. With that in mind, ASCD developed the Principal Leadership Development Framework (PLDF). The PLDF establishes a clear and concise definition of leadership and includes clear targets that support the ongoing growth and development of leaders. Using the Framework, principals will learn to capitalize on their leadership roles: * Principal as Visionary * Principal as Instructional Leader * Principal as Engager * Principal as Learner and Collaborator The PLDF also offers 17 criteria of effective practice that allow leaders to focus on behaviors that have the greatest direct effect on the culture and status of learning and teaching. Coupled with the PLDF are tools for self-reflection that help principals identify and strengthen their reflective habits. Whether you want to develop your own capacities or support the development of a group of principals, assistant principals, or aspiring principals, The Principal Influence can help channel your efforts in ways that promote successful teaching and student learning.
The threefold purpose of this research study was: (a) to measure and compare the leadership styles of elementary school administrators in adequate performance schools in North Carolina with those in exemplary schools in North Carolina; (b) to measure and compare the personality types of elementary school elementary school administrators in adequate performance schools in North Carolina with those in exemplary schools in North Carolina; (c) to explore possible relationships among the four leadership styles and adaptability scores identified by the Leadership Effectiveness and Adaptability Description Instrument, the 16 groups of personality types as identified by the Myers-Briggs Type, Form M, and specified administrator demographic variables of elementary school administrator in North Carolina. Data on the leadership styles and personality types were obtained from a research sample of 130 elementary school administrators within the Central and Southeast Regions of North Carolina. Administrators were randomly selected based on individual school performances on the North Carolina End-of-Grade Test. Participants in this study were asked to answer the 93 items on the Myers-Briggs Personality Type Indicator, Form M (MBTI); respond to 12 situations compiled on the Leadership Effectiveness and Adaptability Descriptions Instrument (LEAD-Self); and complete a Biographical Data Sheet for Principals. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive statistics provided a profile of the principals and their schools. Inferential statistical procedures were used to test the five research questions and three hypotheses. The administrators from the two school categories did not differ significantly on three of the four styles of leadership. A significant relationship was identified between the administrators from adequate performance and exemplary schools on Participating Leadership Style (S3). A statistical relationship between personality types and school categories was not identified; however, the introverted, sensing, thinking, and judging (INTJ) personality type was identified by more administrators. Two reliable and interpretable components were identified among the 12 variables examined through factor analysis.
This study examined the impact of principals' leadership styles on the academic achievement of students as measured by the Mississippi Curriculum Test, Second Edition (MCT2). The 2013-2014 school year MCT2 mathematics and language arts scores were used as measures of student achievement and high-stakes testing. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ5x) was distributed to 420 principals. However, because of incomplete information given by the principals on the questionnaire, and the fact that the Mississippi Department of Education (MDE) did not report MCT2 scores for particular schools, some of the principals' information was not useful; thus leaving the researcher with a sample size of n = 110 participants. This study was guided by 2 research questions. Relationships were analyzed using the Multivariate test for Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) in which the variable of socioeconomic status was used as a covariate because it was found to result statistically different scores across group means. The research questions sought to determine what type of principal leadership style resulted in higher student achievement in mathematics and language arts.
Author's abstract: Effective leadership behaviors are imperative in contributing to student achievement and the overall culture of a school. School leaders must mold the culture of the school in order to create an environment which is conducive to learning. Studies on school leadership and student achievement have highlighted the evidence of school leadership behaviors which contribute to student achievement. The purpose of this investigation studied the extent of school leadership behaviors and or characteristics that contribute to student achievement. This study was designed to identify the relationship between the behaviors of the school leader and student achievement. The study determined if teachers and principals perceptions of leadership behaviors contribute to student achievement. More specifically, this investigation was designed to study the behaviors and practices of elementary principals as it relates to student achievement in elementary school students in a large urban school district. Sixty-three elementary teachers and six principals were selected for this study. The six principals were apart of the focus group interview. Data was collected through teacher and principal surveys, audio-taped interviews and transcriptions. SPSS 13.0 was selected as a means to interpret and analyze data. 2 The results of the study support the literature and indicate that principal leadership is critical to student achievement in elementary school students. More specifically, it raised the question about what specific leadership behaviors are used to increase student achievement. This study further clarified that the principal is the primary person for instituting leadership among all within the school which ultimately contribute to student success. The elementary principal has a demanding and challenging job in and of itself, but by recognizing the leadership behaviors, the principal can influence the climate, productivity, effectiveness of their school and ultimately student achievement.