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Depression is responsible for widespread functional impairment and disability in 16 million individuals across the United States, as well as societal costs that exceed $36 billion. There are numerous risk factors for depression, such as female gender, ethnic minority status, poverty, incarceration, and comorbid substance use disorders. Thus, low-income, criminal-justice-involved African American women in recovery from substance use problems represent a population that is particularly vulnerable to depression. Social support has been established as a protective factor against depression; however, the relationship between social support and depression has been understudied in such high-risk African American populations. The present study examined the relationship between social support and depression among low-income, criminal-justice-involved African American women in recovery, through the lens of Coyne's interactional theory of depression and Lewinsohn's behavioral theory of depression. The relationship between social support and depression was assessed via a cross-lagged path model. The mediational impact of social support on the relationship between Oxford House sober-living home residence and depression was also be explored. Policy and treatment implications will be discussed, along with suggestions for future research.
In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
The purpose of this study was to explore relationships among spiritual well-being, perceived stress, and coping in female African Americans with consideration to their smoking status. African American women, compared to all other groups, experience significantly more negative health outcomes in the leading causes of death related to cigarette smoking. In spite of the health outcomes, African American women as less likely to stop smoking than Caucasian women, and they worry about managing stress if they do. Because smoking, an activity cited by smokers as a stress reducer, is subject to personal control, smoking cessation is a target in health care prevention and promotion interventions. Spiritual well-being has been identified as an important resource for coping with stress for African American women. In this cross-sectional, descriptive study, spiritual well-being was measured using the Spiritual Well-being Scale; Perceived stress was measured by the Perceived Stress Scale; and coping was measured by the Ways of Coping Questionnaire. The convenience sample of 125 community-dwelling African American women from included 25 current smokers, 42 ex-smokers, 58 and never smokers. Most women in the study were unmarried or widowed attended college, had a yearly income of $30,000 or more, and had health insurance coverage. Significant relationships were found between the study variables in all subjects using Pearson Product Moment Correlations. Participants who reported higher levels of perceived stress were more likely to report greater use of Positive Problem Solving, Wishful Diversions, and External Social Support coping. A multivariate analysis of covariance was used to statistically control for the pre-existing differences among the three smoking groups on age, yearly income, marital status, education and incentive status. Never smokers reported higher levels of spiritual well-being compared to ex-smokers and current smokers, while current smokers utilized more External Social Support coping strategies compared to ex-smokers and never smokers. Results of multiple regression analysis showed that in African American women in this sample, spiritual well-being moderated the effect of perceived stress on coping, indicating that coping behavior was influenced by spiritual well-being when stress was experienced. Recommendations for future research and implications for nursing practice are discussed.
Explores the restrictive myth of the strong black woman through interviews, revealing the emotional and physical toll this "performance" can have.
Do you or someone you love suffer from "bad nerves"? •Denise is constantly on edge. She's convinced something bad is going to happen. •Ruth will drive an hour out of her way to avoid driving over a bridge. When she has to do it, her chest thumps, her heart starts racing, and she breaks out in a sweat. She's beginning to think she shouldn't leave her house. •Bernice hasn't slept in two months for fear that the witch is going to ride her again. What do these women have in common? They are struggling with crippling anxiety disorders. Thousands of Black women suffer from anxiety. What's worse is that many of us have been raised to believe we are Strong Black Women and that seeking help shows weakness. So we often turn to dangerous quick fixes that only exacerbate the problem -- like overeating and drug and alcohol abuse -- or we deny that we have problems at all. In Soothe Your Nerves, Dr. Angela Neal-Barnett explains which factors can contribute to anxiety, panic, and fear in Black women and offers a range of healing methods that will help you or a loved one reclaim your life. Here finally is a blueprint for understanding and overcoming anxiety from a psychological, spiritual, and Black perspective.