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With the availability of petroleum in shorter supply and the demand for a cleaner environment more prevalent than ever, a recent trend in the automotive industry is to produce more fuel efficient and lower emission vehicles. A current effort for reduction of petroleum usage in the auto industry is centered on the development and production of hybrid-electric vehicles. By the addition of an electric powertrain, hybrid vehicles are able to consume less fuel by allowing the vehicle's engine to operate under more efficient conditions more often than a conventional vehicle. Furthermore, petroleum usage can be further reduced by utilization of a more efficient diesel fueled engine rather than the conventional gasoline engines that power the majority of passenger vehicles in the United States. The downside to hybrid-electric operation is that in forcing the engine to operate more efficiently, higher levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) are generated. Gasoline powered engines operate with a fuel-rich combustion mixture; thus rendering the exhaust stream hot and containing little oxygen which leads to effective catalytic promotion of NOx treatment. On the other hand, diesel fueled engines have the distinct disadvantage of operating in an oxygen-rich combustion environment that produces lower combustion temperatures; both factors rendering typical catalytic converters impractical. The focus of this study aims to evaluate a small displacement, four cylinder, turbo-diesel engine for nitrogen oxide emission intended for use in a hybrid vehicle. The ultimate goal is to determine how the level of NOx emission can be reduced by targeting different engine operating scenarios via the hybrid control strategy and examine its effects on fuel economy. A diesel engine was tested in a laboratory setting over the range that it is expected to operate in a hybrid vehicle. An efficient experiment design was created to minimize both the amount of required data and error introduced into the final results. Through combustion modeling, collected data for the engine's intake air and fuel mass flow as well as volumetric exhaust content data was used to determine levels of engine-out mass flow of NOx over the engine's operating domain. Several fuel consumption and NOx emission parameters were calculated and regression models were developed to produce baseline engine maps. Based on the baseline maps, targeted engine operation points were selected to examine how the vehicle's hybrid control strategy might be tuned towards engine operation that provides lowered NOx emission at the cost of fuel economy. Results show that quite significant levels of NOx reduction can be had at a small cost in increased fuel use. However, even at reduced engine-out levels, NOx emission is still relatively considerable in terms of meeting standards set for by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The use and effectiveness of selective catalyst reduction by injection of urea into the exhaust stream to treat engine-out NOx is also explored in this thesis.
Thoroughly updated to encompass the significant technological advances since the publication of the first edition, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Design Fundamentals, Second Edition presents the design fundamentals, component sizing, and systems interactions of alternative vehicles. This new edition of a widely praised, bestselling textbook maintains the comprehensive, systems-level perspective of electric and hybrid vehicles while covering the hybrid architectures and components of the vehicle in much greater detail. The author emphasizes technical details, mathematical relationships, and design guidelines throughout the text. New to the Second Edition New chapters on sizing and design guidelines for various hybrid architectures, control strategies for hybrid vehicles, powertrain component cooling systems, and in-vehicle communication methods New sections on modeling of energy storage components, tire-road force mechanics, compressed air-storage, DC/DC converters, emission control systems, electromechanical brakes, and vehicle fuel economy Reorganization of power electronics, electric machines, and motor drives sections Enhanced sections on mechanical components that now include more technical descriptions and example problems An emphasis on the integration of mechanical and electrical components, taking into account the interdisciplinary nature of automotive engineering As an advisor to the University of Akron’s team in the Challenge X: Crossover to Sustainable Mobility, Dr. Husain knows first-hand how to teach students both the fundamentals and cutting-edge technologies of the next generation of automotives. This text shows students how electrical and mechanical engineers must work together to complete an alternative vehicle system. It empowers them to carry on state-of-the-art research and development in automotive engineering in order to meet today’s needs of clean, efficient, and sustainable vehicles.
The addition of Tier 2 standards by United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has increased focus on light-duty vehicle emissions. In this study, a diesel-electric hybrid vehicle was used for testing under the Challenge X program. The diesel engine was powered by a 20% soy-based biodiesel - 80% diesel blend, and the electric motor received its energy from a 330 volt Nickle Metal Hydride battery pack. The diesel engine, notorious for high emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM), requires aftertreatment of these emissions to achieve Tier 2 EPA compliance. The primary focus of this thesis is use of a urea injection selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system to reduce NOx emissions. Also, a diesel particulate filter (DPF) was employed for PM reduction purposes. Significant decreases in both NOx and PM emissions were achieved.
Resource Economics engages students and practitioners in natural resource and environmental issues from both local and global standpoints. The fourth edition of this approachable but rigorous text provides a new focus on risk and uncertainty as well as new applications that address the effect of new energy technologies on scarcity and climate change mitigation and adaptation, while preserving and systematically updating the approach and key features that drew many thousands of readers to the first three editions.
Medium- and heavy-duty trucks, motor coaches, and transit buses - collectively, "medium- and heavy-duty vehicles", or MHDVs - are used in every sector of the economy. The fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of MHDVs have become a focus of legislative and regulatory action in the past few years. This study is a follow-on to the National Research Council's 2010 report, Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium-and Heavy-Duty Vehicles. That report provided a series of findings and recommendations on the development of regulations for reducing fuel consumption of MHDVs. On September 15, 2011, NHTSA and EPA finalized joint Phase I rules to establish a comprehensive Heavy-Duty National Program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption for on-road medium- and heavy-duty vehicles. As NHTSA and EPA began working on a second round of standards, the National Academies issued another report, Reducing the Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Phase Two: First Report, providing recommendations for the Phase II standards. This third and final report focuses on a possible third phase of regulations to be promulgated by these agencies in the next decade.