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Innovations in Road, Railway and Airfield Bearing Capacity – Volume 1 comprises the first part of contributions to the 11th International Conference on Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields (2022). In anticipation of the event, it unveils state-of-the-art information and research on the latest policies, traffic loading measurements, in-situ measurements and condition surveys, functional testing, deflection measurement evaluation, structural performance prediction for pavements and tracks, new construction and rehabilitation design systems, frost affected areas, drainage and environmental effects, reinforcement, traditional and recycled materials, full scale testing and on case histories of road, railways and airfields. This edited work is intended for a global audience of road, railway and airfield engineers, researchers and consultants, as well as building and maintenance companies looking to further upgrade their practices in the field.
This report includes three parts: (1) Final Report for Quality Assurance Specifications Review dated May 2000; (2) Addendum to the Final Report dated December 2000; and (3) Draft Construction Manual and Inspection Guidelines dated May 2000. The study tasks included a detailed analysis of the quality assurance (QA) special provision, evaluation of Department and Contractors risks, examination of practice of using Contractors tests results for acceptance, guidelines for effective use of QA specifications by field inspection staff, need for adjustments to material specification limits, interviews with Department and Contractor personnel and the impact of recommended changes to the Contractors.
Since the mid 60's the Federal Highway Administration began to encourage Departments of Transportation and Contractors toward the use of quality control and quality assurance (QA/QC) specifications, which are statistically based. For example, a QA specification has become an important component in organization commitment to overall quality management. This consists of several activities including: process control, acceptance, and sometimes independent assurance of product (Buttlar and Harrell, 1998). These specifications must be designed to reward good quality, and penalize poor quality. The QA specification, also called as the QA/QC specification, is a combination of end-result specifications and materials and methods specifications. The highway agency is responsible for the acceptance of the product that is produced by the contractor following or implementing quality control in order to produce a product that meets the specifications provided by the highway agency. QA specifications typically are statistically based specifications that use methods such as random sampling in which the properties of the desired products or constructions are described by appropriate statistical parameters, and lot by lot testing. These methods would help the contractor know whether or not the operations are producing the acceptable product. Specifications for the construction of asphalt pavements can be classified into propriety specifications, method-related specifications (MRS), end-result specifications (ERS), performance-related specifications (PRS) or combination of these specifications. Propriety Specification This type of specification refers to some specific product or its equivalent in its clauses; therefore, it limits the competition and often results in a cost increase. Since the buyer has to accept the product as a "black box", the buyer's risk is much higher than in the other three types of specifications Method Specification This type of specification outlines a specific material selection and construction operation process to be followed by the contractor in providing a product. Since there is no explicit product specified, this type of specification allows competition among various suppliers and contractors; but, because the buyer sets the requirements for materials and methods, the owner has to bear the responsibility of the performance. End-Result Specification The final characteristics of the product are stipulated in the end-result specification and the contractor is given considerable freedom in achieving those characteristics. It may specify a limit or range for any given material and/or construction characteristic. The risk for the contractor or agency depends on how the acceptance limits and processes are specified. Performance Related Specification (PRS) This type of specification holds the contractor responsible for the finished product's performance; thus, the contractor assumes considerable risk for the performance of the finished product. This type of specification is often used in conjunction with some type of warranty. The challenge here is to use "true" performance indicators, which may not be available for all materials and processes. Statistical acceptance specifications tend to provide a more defensible approach to specifying HMA construction than the previously used methods of specification (Muench and Mahoney, 2001).
This purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of the hot mix asphalt concrete produced under quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) specification item 3063. During the first phase of this project, conducted between September 1996 and February 1997, an extensive amount of technical information and numerical information was gathered and analyzed. During the second phase of this project, various other activities were carried out, including a survey of other states to assess their approach in developing and implementing QC/QA specifications, a physical survey of QC/QA and non-QC/QA specification projects in Texas, and a limited evaluation of the cost of the projects. This report presents the results, findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on the collected information and on the work performed during the course of this research program.
Rapid advance have been made in the last decade in the quality control procedures and techniques, most of the existing books try to cover specific techniques with all of their details. The aim of this book is to demonstrate quality control processes in a variety of areas, ranging from pharmaceutical and medical fields to construction engineering and data quality. A wide range of techniques and procedures have been covered.