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Excerpt from An Address on the Prevention of Pauperism Povmrrv tells its whole story. It has no conceal ments. The undisguised spirit speaks through rags, simply, and audibly. Poverty has neither bars nor locks. It wants neither. Not because its faith in man is the highest, or that it looks on Society as altogether a Christian organization, that it has not these wants. Poverty with its essential Openness in the mass, may and does use deception in the individual instance. But it is when it would avoid starvation, or labor, that it Often does this. In these cases it has parted with its principles, or they are overlaid by a stern necessity, or an indolence, which, having begun in some uncontroll ed circumstance, habit has confirmed. Poverty can do nothing for itself. Helplessness, dependence, is one Of the most pressing and saddest facts in the history of poverty. It is this which gave such significance to the laws of Moses in regard to the poor. It is this which was ever in the mind Of the Saviour Of the world, when be commended, nay, urged the offices of active benevo lence on his disciples and his church. He left the poor as a perpetual legacy to his followers, as if he foresaw in their undying charity, love, kindness, to these his spir itual children, an expression Of that providence which God himself extends to his whole universe. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
This readable book is the first authoritative biography of Samuel Gridley Howe, the remarkable Bostonian who actively participated in most of the major reform movements of the nineteenth century. He founded the Perkins School for the Blind which quickly became the foremost institution of its type in the world. There he developed techniques for teaching the deaf-blind, the first man in history to succeed in this field. He supported Horace Mann in reforming the public school system and Dorothea Dix in protecting the interests of the insane. After 1845, he spent most of his energies, political and literary, in abolitionist activities. Yet he found time to give his medical services in the Greek war of independence 1825-1830, and in our Civil War; and he worked on the presidential commission sent to Santo Domingo in 1871. Schwartz traces Howe's public career, but he also describes Howe's childhood, his choice of a medical career, his membership--together with Longfellow, Cornelius Felton, Charles Sumner, and George Hillard--in the social circle called the Five of Clubs, and his marriage to Julia Ward. This book carries the full flavor of mid-nineteenth-century Boston. Howe's own activities, the reform movements he supported, and the striking individuals with whom he was associated are merged into one integrated story. The spotlight often shifts from Howe to Horace Mann, John Brown, Theodore Parker, Laura Bridgman, and--most of all--Charles Sumner; and in the background we can see the slow development of the slavery issue, which eventually overrode all other reform movements. Here too is the story of a marriage: Julia Ward Howe led but half a life with a husband whose ideas about a woman's place did not stretch to include her talents. Schwartz bases his admirable biography on extensive research in primary, and largely untouched, sources: these include the Howe papers--which contain many letters to Mann, Parker, and Sumner, and never used by their biographers--the Sumner and Laura Bridgman papers, and contemporary newspapers as well as Howe's own books, pamphlets, and articles. Schwartz is thus able to cast new light onthe personalities of the Bostonian reformers: harsh, sanctimonious, or unfair as they might appear to their opponents, they were, Schwartz reminds us, basically earnest men who, by acting on their faith in progress and their sense of duty to the helpless did, in fact, improve the lot of humanity.
THE MENTALLY ILL IN AMERICA A HISTORY OF THEIR CARE AND TREATMENT FROM COLONIAL TIMES By ALBERT DEUTSCH WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY WILLIAM A. WHITE, M. D., D. Sc., LL. D. Late Superintendent, St. Elizabeths Hospital, Washington, D. C. Professor of Psychiatry, George Washington University 1946 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK Third Printing, 194, Columbia University Press, Ne w York FOREIGN AGENT OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, Humphrey Milford, Amen House, London, E. G. 4, England, AND B. I. Building, Nicol Road, Bombay, India First and second printings, 1937, 1938 Double day, Do ran Company, Inc. COPYRIGHT, 1937 BY THE AMERICAN FOUNDATION FOR MENTAL HYGIENE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION by William A. White, M. D. ix AUTHORS FOREWORD xv CHAPTER I. PROPHETS, DEMONS AND WITCHES . . II. COLONIAL AMERICA THE OLD WORLD HERITAGE 24 III. COLONIAL PROVISIONS FOR THE MENTALLY ILL PUNISHMENT, REPRESSION AND INDIFFERENCE . ., . 39 IV. RATIONAL HUMANITARIANISM THE BEGIN NINGS OF REFORM .... - 55 V. BENJAMIN RUSH THE FATHER OF AMERI CAN PSYCHIATRY 72 VI. THE RISE OF MORAL TREATMENT . 88 VII. RETROGRESSION OVER THE HILL TO THE POORHOUSE 114 VIII. THE CULT OF CURABILITY AND THE RISE OF STATE INSTITUTIONS . . . 132 IX. DOROTHEA LYNDE Dix MILITANT CRU SADER . 158 X. MID-CENTURY PSYCHIATRISTS .... 186 XL CONFLICT OF THEORIES RESTRAINT OR NON-RESTRAINT 213 XII. THE TREND TOWARD STATE CARE . . . 229 XIII. STATE CARE EXODUS FROM THE POORHOUSE 246 XIV. PSYCHIATRY EMERGES FROM ISOLATION . 272 XV. THE MENTAL HYGIENE MOVEMENT AND ITS FOUNDER 300 vi CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE XVI. HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDS OF MENTAL DEFECT . . . . . 331 XVII. CHANGING CONCEPTS IN MENTAL DEFECT 353 XVIII. INSANITY AND THECRIMINAL LAW . . 386 XIX. OUR COMMITMENT LAWS 417 XX. MODERN TRENDS IN INSTITUTIONAL CARE AND TREATMENT 440 XXI. TOWARDS MENTAL HYGIENE .... 463 BIBLIOGRAPHY 497 INDEX . 5 5 ILLUSTRATIONS PlNEL AT THE SALPETRIERE Frontispiece FACING PAGE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY HOSPITALS FOR THE MENTALLY ILL IN AMERICA . 68 BENJAMIN RUSH 76 DOROTHEA LYNDE Dix 160 THE ORIGINAL THIRTEEN ... 192 OLD METHODS OF RESTRAINT AND A MOD ERN SUBSTITUTE . . 224 CLIFFORD W. BEERS 304 HYDROTIIKRAPY, OLD AND NEW 448 INTRODUCTION TT IS with deep satisfaction that I introduce this important book to the reading public. If the lessons it teaches are understood and taken to heart by its readers, society will be the authors debtor. Mr. Deutschs book, the preparation of which has been made possible by the American Foundation for Mental Hygiene, might be described in a very few words by saying that it traces the evolution of a cultural pattern as repre sented by the way in which people through the years have thought and felt about the so-called insane. It is an exceed ingly illuminating presentation and because of the dramatic material with which it deals, it may well prove to be a spear head for the penetration of important social facts and the understanding of social processes which, presented with less appealing or less startling illustration, might fail to attract attention. It is altogether fitting that in the presentation of this extraordinary and important story of mans struggles with himself, the illustrations should be taken more particularly from their American setting. In this way the whole matter is brought home to us who live in this country and we see what has actually been taking place, more especially since earlycolonial days, and we can feel that we ourselves are a part of the whole story and that the victories that have been won and the ground that has been gained are assets of which we can avail ourselves. It is always an illuminating pro cedure to trace the path along which we have come, to be come acquainted with the historical forces that are driving us, and their directions, because after all we have to conquer, not by opposing these forces, but by conforming to them. Mr...
The twelfth-century French poet Chrétien de Troyes is a major figure in European literature. His courtly romances fathered the Arthurian tradition and influenced countless other poets in England as well as on the continent. Yet because of the difficulty of capturing his swift-moving style in translation, English-speaking audiences are largely unfamiliar with the pleasures of reading his poems. Now, for the first time, an experienced translator of medieval verse who is himself a poet provides a translation of Chrétien’s major poem, Yvain, in verse that fully and satisfyingly captures the movement, the sense, and the spirit of the Old French original. Yvain is a courtly romance with a moral tenor; it is ironic and sometimes bawdy; the poetry is crisp and vivid. In addition, the psychological and the socio-historical perceptions of the poem are of profound literary and historical importance, for it evokes the emotions and the values of a flourishing, vibrant medieval past.