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No American city symbolizes the black struggle for civil rights more than Birmingham, Alabama. In this critical analysis of why Birmingham became such a focal point, Bobby M. Wilson argues that AlabamaOs path to industrialism differed significantly from that in the North and Midwest. True to its antebellum roots, no other industrial city in the United States would depend so much upon the exploitation of black labor so early in its development as Birmingham. A persuasive exploration of the links between AlabamaOs slaveholding order and the subsequent industrialization of the state, WilsonOs study demonstrates that arguments based on classical economics fail to take into account the ways in which racial issues influenced the rise of industrial capitalism.
This policy brief provides guidance on the minimum criteria external quality assurance proficiency testing schemes are required to meet to be used to assess the proficiency of laboratories seeking designation or redesignation as WHO-designated laboratories for the purpose of HIV drug resistance surveillance testing. Routine monitoring and surveillance of HIV drug resistance is one of the key pillars of quality and effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) programming and helps ensure the continuous efficacy of ART and supports countries in achieving the 2030 global goal for HIV epidemic control. WHO has also established a network of HIV drug resistance genotyping laboratories (WHO HIVResNet laboratories) that support the generation of reliable quality-assured HIV drug resistance survey data. Participation in external quality assurance programmes, including annual proficiency testing, is required by WHO for laboratories to obtain and maintain HIVResNet designation status. One limitation with the existing programme is a restricted number of laboratories that can be supported due to funding constraints. To facilitate the inclusion of additional laboratories into the WHO HIVResNet Laboratory Network, WHO in collaboration with the WHO HIVResNet Laboratory Working Group developed minimum criteria for external quality assurance proficiency testing schemes that can be used to support laboratories seeking designation or redesignation by WHO for the purposes of HIV drug resistance surveillance.

Hearings

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs

Published: 1966

Total Pages: 1320


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"This two-volume catalogue of the 10th International Architecture Exhibition presents an anthology of ideas centered around this year's theme: the meta-city. The changes in the physical and social structure of today's city have resulted in a new kind of civilian agglomeration that extends beyond the traditional form, concept, and boundaries of the city, causing profound transformations in the composition of its population and working habits. The International Exhibition, curated by Richard Burdett, will focus on the transformations of cities around the world, featuring New York, London, Berlin, Moscow, Tokyo, Shanghai, Mumbai, Mexico City, São Paulo Beirut, Istanbul, Johannesburg, and Lagos. Additionally, the biennale will propound a manifesto for rational development of cities in the 21st century. This book will be the definitive catalogue of what is perhaps the most important architecture exhibition in the world."--Wrapper description.
Cities and city regions are undergoing rapid transformation. They are prime locations of innovation, while at the same time facing growing problems of spatial fragmentation and social exclusion. By addressing these problems, cities become forerunners for new patterns of governance, which include increasingly private actors. While research on 'global' cities has focused primarily on the world's leading financial and economic centres, comparative research on the changing role of large, complex cities in the developing world is less advanced. But it is here, where public problems are most seriously threatening the cohesion of urban society and where the need for new answers is most urgent. Illustrated by in-depth examinations of four city regions: Shanghai, Mumbai, Johannesburg and São Paulo, this book readdresses this balance. The book revisits the same set of cities from different angles, thereby reflecting urban contradictions, juxtapositions, and disjunctures.