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American Crusades details evangelical pursuits to unite God’s purposes with American empires. It argues that religious motivations contributed heavily to United States governmental policies and built sacred spaces in many attempts to influence American society. These embedded ambitions form the core of Americanism, yet somehow remain hidden right in front of our eyes. In the action of caretaking, they advanced their understanding of God’s demand on their lives and purposes. Evangelical and theologically conservative Americans linked the sacred and secular, shaping the ethos of the American people. The terminology of religious thinking quickly sacralized concepts like democracy and capitalism in an attempt to control and use them. Once packaged as a sacred space in need of custody, religious leadership sought to fulfill its kingdom responsibility and secure its future. Eventually, a combination of religiously defined secular components coalesced into the term known simply as Americanism. Building on the success of the new nation and supporting the causes of Americanism throughout the world has imprinted a uniquely evangelical construct into the domestic and foreign policy structures of the United States. The shifting landscape of American culture drove evangelicalism into the margins in the 1970s, while most scholars think that the decline of religious conservatism in culture meant that secularization controlled foreign policy as well, this is not true. Removed from the whims of domestic politics, Protestant evangelical patterns of action have resisted change in American foreign policy structures. Over time, however, the movement lost its faith distinctives while embedding religious principles in foundations of U.S. foreign policy. This book seeks to produce a reorganized narrative through a critical synthesis to locate white evangelicals’ quest to be the foundational voice in America’s shaping ideological lineage.
Here is the first in-depth analysis and comparison of U.S. policy in two seminal conflicts of our recent history: the Cold War and the Global War on Terrorism. Unlike previous publications, which deal with each conflict separately, Two American Crusades treats the two as a seamless web, from the passions of the medieval Crusades through the long twilight struggle of the Cold War to the campaign against al Qaeda and ISIS stemming from the rise of radical political Islam. National security and foreign policy professionals, members of the academic community, and general readers alike will benefit from the insights revealed in this book that exert a profound influence on current international affairs and America’s role. Two American Crusades also illustrates why a peace dividend continues to elude the United States. REVIEWS and WORDS OF PRAISE A history of American foreign policy that is sweeping in scope and penetrating in its analysis. Two American Crusades makes two original contributions. First, it surveys and compares America’s role in the Cold War and the Global War on Terrorism. Second, it argues that U.S. policy was driven by a crusading impulse to promote its democratic values around the world, incurring a high cost in blood, treasure, and moral authority. Two Crusades concludes by stating that the war on terrorism is veering away from the battlefield as America retrenches, re-evaluates its role in the world, and pursues a less aggressive foreign policy. --Benjamin B. Fischer, former Chief Historian of the Central Intelligence Agency A sweeping and valuable examination of the America’s two momentous struggles since World War II—the Cold War against the Soviet Union and the Global War on Terrorism against al Qaeda and other networks. Dr. Leighton provides a sobering account of these protracted conflicts and the legacies they left behind. --Seth G. Jones, Harold Brown Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and author of A Covert Action: Reagan, the CIA, and the Cold War Struggle in Poland. A meticulously researched and convincingly argued work that makes a major contribution to our understanding of the past 75 years of American history. Many have written about the Cold War and, separately, the Global War on Terrorism. Dr. Leighton takes an innovative approach and treats the two as a seamless continuum. --Igor Lukes, Professor of History and International Relations, Boston University, and author of On the Edge of the Cold War: American Diplomats and Spies in Postwar Prague. The demise of the Soviet Union dovetailed with the advent of Islamic terrorism. Dr. Leighton expertly describes these conflicts, provides experienced analyses about the past, and projects the difficulties ahead. --Richard R. Valcourt, Editor-in-Chief Emeritus, International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence Academe has long kept the Cold War and the Global War on Terrorism in separate silos. Dr. Leighton breaks new ground by revealing the nexus between the two crusades. She critiques a US strategy that defeated the Soviet army in Afghanistan but left the Islamist fighters there free to wage a jihad against the United States. The result was 9/11, which in turn triggered the Global War on Terrorism. --Dr. Leif Rosenberger, Adjunct Professor at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh, former Chief Economist at CENTCOM and PACOM, and author of Economic Statecraft and US Foreign Policy: Reducing the Demand for Violence.
Herbert S. Parmet's Eisenhower and the American Crusades is a major assessment of the American presidency during the critical period of America at mid-century. The book follows the career of General Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1952, when he decided to leave his NATO command to campaign for the presidency, to his retirement at Gettysburg nearly nine years later. His entry into politics was well-timed. A mood of conservatism was sweeping the country; surveys indicated that the majority of Americans felt it was time for a change from two decades of executive control 'by those who had permitted events to get out of hand.'Parmet based his study of the Eisenhower years on massive research, conversations with leading figures of the era, and previously unreleased documents. This wealth of material has enabled him to provide answers to questions frequently asked about the thirty-fourth president: Was Eisenhower the kind, fatherly man millions grew up to love on their television or was this an image created by a shrewd politician who knew what the country needed in a trying time?Did he choose Richard Nixon as a running mate or was Nixon forced upon him by political necessities? Was the president intimidated by the appearance of power of Joseph McCarthy, and did the Army-McCarthy hearings influence Eisenhower's decision to involve the United States in Vietnam? Was Eisenhower concerned with the lack of progress in civil rights? Was he the right man for the right time in history or was he merely postponing the major crises of the 1960s?Parmet offers a convincing refutation of the idea of the Eisenhower years as being placid or boring. 'No years that contained McCarthy and McCarthyism, a war in Korea, constant fears of nuclear annihilation, and spreading racial violence, could be so described.' For Parmet, Eisenhower was a stabilizing force in a time of conflict. He may not have been a political genius, but he knew perhaps better than anyone else around him exactly what the people wanted and how they wanted it.
A compilation of facts, figures, maps, family trees, summaries of the major crusades and their historiography, the Routledge Companion to the Crusades spans a broad chronological range from the eleventh to the eighteenth century, and gives a chronological framework and context for modern research on the crusading movement. Not just a history of the Crusades, but an overview of the logistical, economic, social and biographical history, this is a core text for students of history and religious studies.
This volume brings together revised and up-dated versions of Giles Constable's classic essays on crusading in the 12th century, along with two major new studies on the cross of the crusaders and the Fourth Crusade, and two excursuses on the terminology of crusading and the numbering of the crusades. Together they show the range and depth of the crusading movement at that time and its influence on the broader history of the period.
Winner of 2014 Book Award for Excellence in Missiology from the American Society of Missiology Winner of the 2015 Christianity Today Award for Missions/Global Affairs Named by the International Bulletin of Missionary Studies as an Outstanding Book of 2014 for Mission Studies Predominantly Catholic for centuries, Latin America is still largely Catholic today, but the religious continuity in the region masks enormous changes that have taken place in the past five decades. In fact, it would be fair to say that Latin American Christianity has been transformed definitively in the years since the Second Vatican Council. Religious change has not been obvious because its transformation has not been, as in Africa and Asia, the sudden and massive growth of a new religion. It has been rather a simultaneous revitalization and fragmentation that threatened, awakened, and ultimately brought to a greater maturity a dormant and parochial Christianity. The rapid growth of Protestantism, especially Pentecostalism, forced Catholics to adopt a more active and dynamic approach to their religion. Although many Catholics left their church to become Pentecostals, many others responded to the Protestant challenge by joining new Catholic movements. Today, Latin American Christianity is so energized that the region is sending missionaries to Africa, Europe, and the United States. In The Rebirth of Latin American Christianity, Todd Hartch examines the changes that have swept across Latin America in the last fifty years and situates them in the context of the growth of Christianity in the global South.
Dwight D. Eisenhower’s presidency of Columbia University (1948-1953) is among the least written about periods of his career. It is all but dismissed by historians as a mere interlude between his service as World War II’s most celebrated general and his two terms as president of the United States. His Columbia tenure was marked by extended absences from campus and ongoing political speculation regarding a run for the White House in 1952. Eisenhower in Command at Columbia disputes the conventional wisdom that Eisenhower’s Columbia presidency was unsuccessful. In fact, under his leadership, Columbia moved forward in several important areas. Eisenhower’s tenure at Columbia was, nevertheless, difficult at times. His lack of both academic experience and a full understanding of academic culture diminished his capacity to lead and damaged his credibility with faculty. While the book brings historical perspective to Eisenhower’s presidency of Columbia, its primary purpose is to analyze Eisenhower’s tenure in the context of higher education leadership. His experience at Columbia is relevant today because it demonstrates the importance of understanding institutional culture when leading a college or university. His selection as the university’s president reveals flaws in the process that still plague boards today in what is arguably their most important job —selecting an institution’s leader. This book will appeal to scholars in higher education, history, and university administration, among others.
Elections are, and always have been, the lifeblood of American democracy. Often raucous and sharply contentious, sometimes featuring grand debates about the nation's future, and invariably full of dramatic moments, elections offer insight into the character and historical evolution of American politics. America at the Ballot Box uses the history of presidential elections to illuminate American political democracy and its development from the early Republic to the late twentieth century. Some of the contributions in America at the Ballot Box focus on elections that resulted in dramatic political change, including Jefferson's defeat of Adams in 1800, the 1860 election of Lincoln, and Reagan's 1980 landslide victory. Others concentrate on contests whose importance lies more in the way they illuminate the broad, underlying processes of political change, such as the corruption controversy of Cleveland's acrimonious election in 1884 or the advent of television advertising during the 1952 campaign, when Eisenhower defeated Stevenson. Another set of essays takes a thematic approach, exploring the impact of foreign relations, Anglophobia, and political communications over long periods of electoral time. Uniting all of the chapters is the common conviction that elections provide a unique vantage point from which to view the American political system. Ranging from landmark contests to less influential victories and defeats, the essays by leading political historians seek to rehabilitate the historical significance of presidential elections and integrate them into the broader evolution of American government, policies, and politics. Contributors: Brian Balogh, Gareth Davies, Meg Jacobs, Richard R. John, Kevin M. Kruse, Jeffrey L. Pasley, Andrew Preston, Elizabeth Sanders, Bruce J. Schulman, Jay Sexton, Adam I. P. Smith, Sean Wilentz, Julian E. Zelizer.
Here is the full, shocking story of the lynching that exposed the true brutality of the nation's tradition of racism to a confident prosperous post-World War II America and helped ignite the 1960s civil rights movement.