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This book serves the larger community of plant researchers working on the taxonomy, species delimitation, phylogeny, and biogeography of pseudo-cereals, with a special emphasis on amaranths. It also provides extensive information on the nutritive value of underutilized pseudo-cereals, the goal being to broaden the vegetable list. Amaranthus is a cosmopolitan genus of annual or short-lived perennial plants. Most of the species are summer annual weeds and are commonly referred to as pigweed. Only a few are cultivated as vitamin-rich vegetables and ornamentals. The protein-rich seeds of a handful of species, known as grain amaranths, are consumed as pseudo-cereals. Amaranthusmanifests considerable morphological diversity among and even within certain species, and there is no general agreement on the taxonomy or number of species. Currently the genus Amaranthus is believed to include three recognized subgenera and 70 species. Amatanthus is considered to potentially offer an alternative crop in temperate and tropical climate. The classification of amaranths is ambiguous due to the lack of discrete and quantitative species-defining characteristics and the wide range of phenotypic plasticity, as well as introgression and hybridization involving weedy and crop species. It is a known fact that both vegetable and grain amaranths have evolved from their respective weed progenitors. There are more than 180 different weed species that are herbicide-resistant, and amaranths are considered to be leading members of the resistant biotypes. Amaranth species provide ample scope for investigating herbicide resistance mechanisms. Amaranths also show variability in terms of their mating behavior and germplasm, adaptability to different growing conditions, and wide range of variability in sexual systems, from monoecy to dioecy. A solid grasp of these parameters is essential to the future utilization of amaranths as super crops. There are quite a few amaranth research center and germplasm collections all over the world that maintain and evaluate working germplasms. To date, the genetic improvement of amaranths has primarily involved the application of conventional selection methods. But advances in genomics and biotechnology have dramatically enriched the potential to manipulate the amaranth genome, especially improving the amount and availability of nutrients. In conclusion, the book covers all aspects of amaranths, including their food value, significance as vegetables and pseudo-cereals, taxonomy, phylogeny, germplasm variability, breeding behavior and strategies, cultivation practices, and variability in terms of their sexual systems. It offers a valuable resource for all students, researchers and experts working in the field of plant taxonomy and diversity.
The 21st century is well renowned for wide scale industrialization and urbanization. This progress is global, but it has helped country like India in up-scaling its standards in the technological as well as manufacturing sectors. Due to such immense advancement, the by-products such as heavy metals, due to lack of waste recycling, improper waste disposal and effluent discharge, eventually enter the soil, water and air, and pollute the natural resources. Organic pollutants are biodegradable and have minimal effect on the biotic environment, but the non-biodegradable pollutants are recalcitrant in nature and cause maximum harm to the environment. Heavy metals are categorized as the most toxic inorganic pollutants. The natural sources of heavy metals include weathering of rocks, volcanic activities, leaching of metal ions from the parental rocks into the rivers or groundwater etc. The anthropogenic sources include the combustion of heavy metals containing fossil fuels, chemical industries, paint industries, mining of metals, fertilizers, pesticides, run-off from agricultural sites, various treatment plants liberating the toxicants emerging from the incineration plants along with several industrial and manufacturing activities like metal bending, electroplating, refining, blasting, etc. Remediation of contaminated soil is the utmost need in order to prevent further deterioration of soil and different ecosystems relying on it. Therefore, numerous technologies have evolved to clean-up the heavy metal contaminated soil. The physical methods include surface capping and encapsulation, electrical methods are electrokinetics and vitrification, chemical methods include soil flushing and immobilization, and biological methods encompass bioremediation and phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is a technology, which makes use of plants species to remediate the contaminated medium and bring it to the innocuous state while achieving the goal of sustainability. Phytoremediation studies have recently bloomed due to several plant species, which have high heavy metal uptake capacities owing to denser and rich biomass possessing higher metal extraction potentials. Species growing naturally over the contaminated lands have a high tolerance and innate quality of accumulating a high concentration of toxic substances without showing any apparent changes in the physiological characteristics of the plant. Hence, the scope of the current work focuses on screening of selected weedy species, which needs minimal growth requirements, economical, devoid of nutritive values, tolerant to multi-metal contaminated soil, and available throughout the year. Keeping in mind, the present book Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals from Industrial Effluent by Amaranthus viridis L. and Acalypha indica L. covers screening of hyperaccumulator plant species, scrutinizing their phytoremediation potential, cultivation of hyperaccumulator species applying various heavy metals in different concentrations, evaluating the levels of biochemical compounds in the species under heavy metal stress, exposure of selected hyperaccumulator species to different doses of industrial effluent, analysis of various biochemical parameters of species under effluent stress, and on-site cultivation studies for in situ remediation. The authors affirm that the book would indeed be the need of an hour for students, academicians, researchers, scientists, remediation specialists, industry managers, and pollution control board authorities to prevent the further degradation and deterioration of polluted sites using remediator plant species for maintaining sanctity of an environ for resilient sustainability.
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Vegetables make up a major portion of the diet of humans and are critical for good health. With the world population predicted to reach 9 billion people by 2050, they will play an increasingly important role in food availability. The purpose of this book is to facilitate accuracy in communication among individuals working in agriculture and a better understand of the extent and diversity of vegetable production and utilization worldwide. Increasing global economic interdependence and trade in agricultural products makes precise communication among individuals utilizing different languages essential. There is currently a wide range of vegetables shipped around the world as seasonal, economic and other forces are shifting markets from exclusively local toward global. The text provides up-to-date scientific names, synonyms, and common names for the commercially cultivated vegetable crops grown worldwide (404 crops), in addition to information on the plant parts utilized and their method of preparation. Common names from 370 languages are presented along with information on each of the languages. The text represents an essential reference source with the information presented in a concise and readily accessible format. It allows indentifying a crop from the common name in a diverse cross-section of languages and is therefore of use to university and government researchers, libraries worldwide, agricultural organizations, agricultural scientists, embassies, international travelers, vegetable growers, shippers, packers, produce buyers, grocery store managers, gourmet restaurants, chefs, and gardeners.