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Objective: Mental health disorders are increasing in our society. Research on athletic trainer's knowledge and perception of mental health disorders and if policies are developed and used is limited. This study investigates athletic trainers' knowledge of mental health illness, current policies and procedures concerning mental health, and the perceptions athletic trainers have of mental health. Method: This study used a cross-sectional design to build upon quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study had a web-based survey to collect quantitative information followed by semi-structured qualitative interviews. Using a phenomenology approach, the study focused on how life is experienced by giving the participant a voice. Three hundred eighty-four certified athletic trainers completed a web-based survey; 15 participants volunteered for the semi-structured interview. Results: Participants scored above 70% on all knowledge questions; 72% have screening policies; 83% have mental health-specific emergency action plans, and 81.2% agreed or strongly agreed that the stigma associated with mental health is why student-athletes do not seek help for mental health problems. An inductive analysis resulted in 2 emergent themes: (1) Athlete Training (AT) scope of practice and (2) perception of mental health. Each theme had numerous sub-themes. Conclusions: Participants knew mental health signs and symptoms, and many reported wanting more information on specific mental health topics. Participants felt that discussion mental health topics and referrals is difficult due to the athletic trainer's scope of practice. Participants who did not have policies and procedures needed more staff and acceptance of mental health in their athletic departments. Barriers such as stigma, fear, lack of knowledge, and lack of time still exist and cause student-athletes not to seek treatment. Athletic trainers value mental health and continue improving their knowledge and strive to convince athletic departments to support the mental health of athletes despite barriers.
Applied sport psychology research suggests that the use of psychological skills (e.g., positive self-talk, goal-setting, relaxation) during the rehabilitation process increase recovery rates, increase adherence to rehabilitation, and decrease anxiety and stress (Heaney, 2006). Certified athletic trainers (ATCs) hold a critical role within injury rehabilitation as the primary health care professional who interacts with injured athletes. Therefore, properly trained, ATCs have been identified as the ideal professional to implement psychological skills during injury rehabilitation (Larson, Starkey, & Zaichkowsky, 1996). The purpose of this study was to explore National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I (D-I) ATCs use of psychological skills and perceptions of qualifications to implement psychological skills with athletes during rehabilitation. Results revealed that participants reported using goal-setting, communication, and time management most frequently with athletes. Results of a stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that participants confidence in their ability to effectively demonstrate psychological skills significantly predicted their use of psychological skills, along with perceptions of the effectiveness of psychological skills and previous level of training in sport psychology. Lastly, participants perceived psychologists to be the most qualified professional to implement psychological skills with injured athletes. Implications for ATCs and sport psychology professionals are education. This includes ATCs educational requirements to be more detailed and clear for athletic training students as well as education by sport psychology consultants to help other professional better understand their role in the overall sport team.
Be prepared to offer not only the physical rehabilitation regimen injured athletes need, but also the psychological and psychosocial support they need to recover from injuries. Here’s a user-friendly introduction to the application and practical use of psychosocial theories and techniques. You’ll develop an understanding of the research that underlies practice, and see how sports psychology is applied in clinical practice. Practical examples and suggested activities teach you how.
Examines the use of sport psychology within an athletic training setting as it relates to athletic training and determines athletic trainers' perspectives of sport psychology use during injury rehabilitation. Assesses the formal training and the preparation of athletic trainers to use psychological tools. Examines the comfort level of athletic trainers using psychological tools during rehabilitation and determines if further education is taking place in sport psychology by athletic trainers.
Student-athletes are at high risk for poor mental health. Leaders within the varsity sport environment influence athlete mental health and help-seeking. This dissertation explored the behaviors, perspectives and needs of athletes, coaches, and athletic trainers as it pertains to mental health in sport. Three studies were conducted, the first utilized the Theory of Planned Behavior to explore factors associated with coach-athlete conversations about mental health. A coach's Attitude towards having a conversation with an athlete significantly influenced their Intention to do so. Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) significantly influenced the relationship between Social Norms and Intention. Both PBC and Social Norms had a significant relationship with the Behavior (having a conversation about mental health with an athlete). The second study applied a conceptual model from Horn's Working Model of Coach Effectiveness to explore how an athlete's perception of coach behavior impacts attitudes and help-seeking behaviors. Psychological distress levels influenced an athlete's Perception of their coach's behavior. Openness to help-seeking was significantly related to help-seeking Behaviors and influenced the relationship between personal characteristics and help-seeking. Perception of coach behaviors influenced the relationship between psychological distress and help-seeking from a coach. The last study sought to determine the acceptance of an online varsity sport-specific mental health resource. Preliminary results were promising; The PEER Network was frequently used over the study period and participants had positive and supportive feedback. Overall, results from the three studies suggest that perceived ability and social support may influence whether coach-athlete conversations about mental health occur. Due to the effects of these variables, coach mental health training should focus on improving the skills required for these conversations and normalizing mental health in sport. As an athlete's perception of coach behavior mediated the relationship between psychological distress and help-seeking, training should also focus on clear ways to show athletes that coaches are supportive of mental health. Athlete-specific training should try and improve attitudes towards help-seeking and highlight the value from seeking help. The PEER Network may be an easily accessible and context-specific way of achieving these educational goals for members of the varsity athletic community.
"College student-athletes are an at-risk population for negative mental health. Numerous factors are associated with an increased susceptibility to mental health issues, including academics and athletics (Breslin, Shannon, Haughey, Donnelly, & Leavey, 2017; Neal, 2012; Rice et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2007). To address the numerous mental health issues experienced by college student-athletes, the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA), with the help of field experts in mental health and student wellness, developed a mental health guide to implement within athletics departments (National Collegiate Athletic Association, 2016). The document, Inter-Association Consensus Document: Best Practices for Understanding and Supporting Student-Athlete Mental Wellness, promotes training for those athletics department personnel who have direct interaction with college student-athletes. Among these, athletic trainers play a pivotal role in preventing injuries, overseeing rehabilitations, and promoting the overall well-being of college student-athletes, including both physical and mental health well-beings. Athletic trainers are in an ideal position to recognize and to refer student-athletes to advanced care for mental health issues, but lack the formal training to confidently perform these skills (Cormier & Zizzi, 2015; Kamphoff et al., 2010; Vaughan, King, & Cottrell, 2004). Additionally, there is limited research available studying athletic trainers' confidence during the referral process, both non-crisis and crisis situations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the referral knowledge and self-efficacy of college athletic trainers before and after completing the USA Mental Health First Aid (MHFA-USA) course, which has improved confidence levels in other populations (Massey, Brooks, & Burrow, 2014; Moffitt, Bostock, & Cave, 2014; O'Reilly, Bell, Kelly, & Chen, 2011). College athletic trainers (n = 8) participated in the MHFA-USA course and completed pre-, post- and one-month follow-up surveys as well as focus group interviews assessing mental health referral knowledge and self-efficacy levels. Results showed significant efficacy improvements from pre- to post-course, and participants maintained those improved confidence levels at one-month follow-up. Furthermore, the athletic trainers consistently stated the course was helpful and useful in intervening during mental health situations. Additional research with larger samples may provide greater insight of athletic trainers' confidence levels with referrals of college student-athletes for mental health issues with the help of the MHFA-USA course."--Abstract from author supplied metadata
Context: Increased prevalence of mental health conditions has exposed gaps in the educational preparation of athletic training students. Identifying effective pedagogical strategies to increase knowledge and confidence in the recognition and referral of mental health conditions is imperative. A standardized curriculum, such as Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) training, is promising, as is the use of standardized patient (SP) encounters and case-based learning (CBL); however, there is a lack of evidence to determine best practice for achieving these learning goals. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of MHFA training on students' knowledge and confidence and compare the use of CBL and SP encounters following MHFA training. Further, we sought to explore students' perceptions of the CBL and SP encounters. Methods: This study used a sequential, explanatory mixed-methods design with 2 phases: 1) randomized controlled trial with pre-test, post-test design, and 2) individual interviews. The study was set in an online learning environment using Zoom. A convenience sample of 70 students from graduate level CAATE-accredited professional athletic training programs participated in this study. Twenty-two participants were interviewed. All participants completed MHFA training followed by no intervention, and SP encounter, or CBL activity. A validated electronic knowledge assessment and self-reported confidence scale measured knowledge and confidence with mental health recognition and referral at the study's commencement and after intervention. A mixed-model ANOVA with an a priori alpha level set a p
Background: Professionalism is the combination of clinical competence, legal/ethical understanding, knowledge and humanistic qualities. Previous literature from varying disciplines indicates a decline in the perception of professionalism of healthcare providers. Medicine has a long standing contract with patients and to society as whole. Professionalism is the binding concept in this contract. Athletic Trainers are allied healthcare providers that interact and collaborate with a large and varied population of athletes, patients and clients. Purpose: The purpose of this research was several-fold. First, this research aims to enhance, promote and further the discussion of professionalism in athletic training. This research aims to examine the overall perception of professionalism in athletic training and whether athletic training student's perceptions differ from certified athletic trainers. Methods: Permission was granted to adopt and modify The Penn State College of Medicine Professionalism Questionnaire (PSCOM-PQ) for studying professionalism perceptions in athletic training. Participants were recruited through distribution emails to program directors (PD) in 12 Mid-American Conference ATEPS. The sample population included students (pre professional and professional phase) as well as certified athletic trainers (graduate students and faculty/staff). Data Analysis: A 4x6 way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures on the ABIMs six a priori elements of professionalism was performed for aggregate rating and rank ordering scores. Post Hoc testing was accomplished with independent samples T-Tests by group (pre-professional phase, professional phase, graduate and faculty/staff). Results: Pre-professional students had the greatest significant between groups differences; when compared to professional phase students pre-professional students significantly differed in 4 of 6 a priori elements of professionalism. They included accountability (t=1.8, p=.03), altruism (t= 1.4, p= .04), excellence (t= 1.53, p= .011) and respect (t= 1.04, P= .04). Pre-professional students to graduate students significantly differed in the a priori element excellence (1.72, p= .04). There were no significant differences between any of the remaining groups. Pre-professional phase students significantly differed in honor/integrity (t=1.56, p=.03) compared to graduate students in the rank ordering analysis. Conclusion: Data from this study did not support the original hypothesis that athletic training students would differ in their perceptions of professionalism compared to certified athletic trainers.