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Seeking to increasing the social awareness of citizens, institutions, and corporations with regard to the risks presented by the acritical use of algorithms in decision-making, this book explains the rationale and the methods of algorithm audit. Interdisciplinary in approach, it provides a systematic overview of the subject, supplying readers with clear definitions and practical tools for the audit of algorithms, while also taking account of the political, business, and vocational obstacles to the development of this new field. As such, it constitutes an essential resource for students and researchers across the social sciences and humanities, as well as for professionals and policymakers, with concerns about the social consequences of algorithmic decision-making.
In this work, the authors present an overview of the algorithm audit methodology. They include the history of audit studies in the social sciences from which this method is derived; a summary of key algorithm audits over the last two decades in a variety of domains such as health, politics, and discrimination.
Seeking to increasing the social awareness of citizens, institutions, and corporations with regard to the risks presented by the acritical use of algorithms in decision-making, this book explains the rationale and the methods of algorithm audit. Interdisciplinary in approach, it provides a systematic overview of the subject, supplying readers with clear definitions and practical tools for the audit of algorithms, while also taking account of the political, business, and vocational obstacles to the development of this new field. As such, it constitutes an essential resource for students and researchers across the social sciences and humanities, as well as for professionals and policymakers, with concerns about the social consequences of algorithmic decision-making.
Algorithms have made our lives more efficient and entertaining--but not without a significant cost. Can we design a better future, one in which societial gains brought about by technology are balanced with the rights of citizens? The Ethical Algorithm offers a set of principled solutions based on the emerging and exciting science of socially aware algorithm design.
From the Nobel Prize-winning author of Thinking, Fast and Slow and the coauthor of Nudge, a revolutionary exploration of why people make bad judgments and how to make better ones—"a tour de force” (New York Times). Imagine that two doctors in the same city give different diagnoses to identical patients—or that two judges in the same courthouse give markedly different sentences to people who have committed the same crime. Suppose that different interviewers at the same firm make different decisions about indistinguishable job applicants—or that when a company is handling customer complaints, the resolution depends on who happens to answer the phone. Now imagine that the same doctor, the same judge, the same interviewer, or the same customer service agent makes different decisions depending on whether it is morning or afternoon, or Monday rather than Wednesday. These are examples of noise: variability in judgments that should be identical. In Noise, Daniel Kahneman, Olivier Sibony, and Cass R. Sunstein show the detrimental effects of noise in many fields, including medicine, law, economic forecasting, forensic science, bail, child protection, strategy, performance reviews, and personnel selection. Wherever there is judgment, there is noise. Yet, most of the time, individuals and organizations alike are unaware of it. They neglect noise. With a few simple remedies, people can reduce both noise and bias, and so make far better decisions. Packed with original ideas, and offering the same kinds of research-based insights that made Thinking, Fast and Slow and Nudge groundbreaking New York Times bestsellers, Noise explains how and why humans are so susceptible to noise in judgment—and what we can do about it.
Machine learning algorithms and artificial intelligence influence many aspects of life today. This report identifies some of their shortcomings and associated policy risks and examines some approaches for combating these problems.
Algorithms are a fundamental building block of artificial intelligence - and, increasingly, society - but our legal institutions have largely failed to recognize or respond to this reality. The Cambridge Handbook of the Law of Algorithms, which features contributions from US, EU, and Asian legal scholars, discusses the specific challenges algorithms pose not only to current law, but also - as algorithms replace people as decision makers - to the foundations of society itself. The work includes wide coverage of the law as it relates to algorithms, with chapters analyzing how human biases have crept into algorithmic decision-making about who receives housing or credit, the length of sentences for defendants convicted of crimes, and many other decisions that impact constitutionally protected groups. Other issues covered in the work include the impact of algorithms on the law of free speech, intellectual property, and commercial and human rights law.
The government reform expert and acclaimed author of The Solution Revolution presents a roadmap for navigating the digital government era. In October 2013, HealthCare.gov went live—and promptly crashed. Poor website design was getting in the way of government operations, and the need for digital excellence in public institutions was suddenly crystal clear. Hundreds of the tech industry’s best and brightest dedicated themselves to redesigning the government’s industrial-era frameworks as fully digital systems. But to take Washington into the 21st century, we have to start by imagining a new kind of government. Imagine prison systems that use digital technology to return nonviolent offenders promptly and securely into society. Imagine a veteran’s health care system built around delivering a personalized customer experience for every Vet. We now have the digital tools—such as cloud computing, mobile devices, and analytics—to stage a real transformation. Delivering on Digital provides the handbook to make it happen. A leading authority on government reform, William D. Eggers knows how we can use tech-savvy teams, strong leadership, and innovative practices to reduce the risks and truly achieve a digitally transformed government.
A Wharton professor and tech entrepreneur examines how algorithms and artificial intelligence are starting to run every aspect of our lives, and how we can shape the way they impact us Through the technology embedded in almost every major tech platform and every web-enabled device, algorithms and the artificial intelligence that underlies them make a staggering number of everyday decisions for us, from what products we buy, to where we decide to eat, to how we consume our news, to whom we date, and how we find a job. We've even delegated life-and-death decisions to algorithms--decisions once made by doctors, pilots, and judges. In his new book, Kartik Hosanagar surveys the brave new world of algorithmic decision-making and reveals the potentially dangerous biases they can give rise to as they increasingly run our lives. He makes the compelling case that we need to arm ourselves with a better, deeper, more nuanced understanding of the phenomenon of algorithmic thinking. And he gives us a route in, pointing out that algorithms often think a lot like their creators--that is, like you and me. Hosanagar draws on his experiences designing algorithms professionally--as well as on history, computer science, and psychology--to explore how algorithms work and why they occasionally go rogue, what drives our trust in them, and the many ramifications of algorithmic decision-making. He examines episodes like Microsoft's chatbot Tay, which was designed to converse on social media like a teenage girl, but instead turned sexist and racist; the fatal accidents of self-driving cars; and even our own common, and often frustrating, experiences on services like Netflix and Amazon. A Human's Guide to Machine Intelligence is an entertaining and provocative look at one of the most important developments of our time and a practical user's guide to this first wave of practical artificial intelligence.
Exploring issues from big-data to robotics, this volume is the first to comprehensively examine the regulatory implications of AI technology.