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"The link between alcohol use and sexual behaviour has serious implications for the health of populations due to the advent of HIV infection. WHO coordinated a multi-country study to identify factors related to risky sexual behaviour among alcohol users in diverse cultural settings. The countries involved included: Belarus, India, Mexico, Kenya, Romania, the Russian Federation, South Africa and Zambia."--Back cover.
Seminar paper from the year 2018 in the subject Health - Public Health, grade: 1, Egerton University, language: English, abstract: In retrospect, substance use and sexual activity are quite common amongst adolescents and young adults. As such, it is emerging that sexual health amongst adolescents and young adults is seemingly becoming a significance public health challenge. Owing to the high rates of risky sexual behavior and alcohol use amongst adolescents and young adults, extensive scientific inquiry has focused on investigating the consequences of these issues. Of concern has been the correlation between the co-occurrence of alcohol use and risky sexual behavior with the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS. It is also worth noting that alcohol use has a negative influence on protection against STDs because it impairs the use of protective barriers. Given that adolescents and young adults exhibit a high tendency of sexual risk taking, alcohol use exacerbates the issue of risky sexual behaviors in these groups. Morrison et al. claim that teenagers in the US “do not consistently protect themselves from sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or unintended pregnancy”. This explains the magnitude of the problem. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive critical analysis on the correlation between alcohol use and risky sexual behaviors amongst the young adults and adolescents. It will also discuss the consequences associated with alcohol use and risky sexual behavior amongst these groups.
Alcohol use by young people is extremely dangerous - both to themselves and society at large. Underage alcohol use is associated with traffic fatalities, violence, unsafe sex, suicide, educational failure, and other problem behaviors that diminish the prospects of future success, as well as health risks â€" and the earlier teens start drinking, the greater the danger. Despite these serious concerns, the media continues to make drinking look attractive to youth, and it remains possible and even easy for teenagers to get access to alcohol. Why is this dangerous behavior so pervasive? What can be done to prevent it? What will work and who is responsible for making sure it happens? Reducing Underage Drinking addresses these questions and proposes a new way to combat underage alcohol use. It explores the ways in which may different individuals and groups contribute to the problem and how they can be enlisted to prevent it. Reducing Underage Drinking will serve as both a game plan and a call to arms for anyone with an investment in youth health and safety.
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a major public health problem in the United States. The estimated 12-month and lifetime prevalence values for AUD are 13.9% and 29.1%, respectively, with approximately half of individuals with lifetime AUD having a severe disorder. AUD and its sequelae also account for significant excess mortality and cost the United States more than $200 billion annually. Despite its high prevalence and numerous negative consequences, AUD remains undertreated. In fact, fewer than 1 in 10 individuals in the United States with a 12-month diagnosis of AUD receive any treatment. Nevertheless, effective and evidence-based interventions are available, and treatment is associated with reductions in the risk of relapse and AUD-associated mortality. The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Pharmacological Treatment of Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder seeks to reduce these substantial psychosocial and public health consequences of AUD for millions of affected individuals. The guideline focuses specifically on evidence-based pharmacological treatments for AUD in outpatient settings and includes additional information on assessment and treatment planning, which are an integral part of using pharmacotherapy to treat AUD. In addition to reviewing the available evidence on the use of AUD pharmacotherapy, the guideline offers clear, concise, and actionable recommendation statements, each of which is given a rating that reflects the level of confidence that potential benefits of an intervention outweigh potential harms. The guideline provides guidance on implementing these recommendations into clinical practice, with the goal of improving quality of care and treatment outcomes of AUD.
This study examined the relationship between perceived stress and sexual risk behavior in undergraduate college students. Alcohol use was also studied as a mediator of the relationship between perceived stress and sexual risk behavior, and social support was studied as a moderator of the relationship between perceived stress and alcohol use. Hypothesis one of this study was that there would be a significant relationship between perceived stress and sexual risk behavior. More specifically, it was predicted that individuals who have higher perceived stress would engage in more sexual risk behaviors. Hypothesis two of this study was that alcohol use would significantly mediate the relationship between perceived stress and sexual risk behavior. Hypothesis three was that social support would moderate the relationship between perceived stress and alcohol use. Results were obtained through four brief questionnaires which were administered online; The Sexual Risk Survey (Turchik & Garske, 2009), the Perceived Stress Scale, (Cohen & Williamson, 1988) The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet, & Farley, 1988), and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) (Saunders, Aasland, Babor, de la Fuente, & Grant, 1993). The main hypotheses of this study were not supported; a positive association between perceived stress and sexual risk behavior was found, but the finding was not statistically significant. A significant main effect of alcohol use on sexual risk behavior was found, but the hypothesized mediation analysis was not statistically significant. Hypothesis three was also not supported; results showed that there was not a significant interaction effect of perceived stress and perceived social support on alcohol use. In addition, results of an exploratory analysis which examined social support as a moderator of the relationship between perceived stress and sexual risk behavior were not statistically significant. Results of this study did show a strong, positive correlation between alcohol use and sexual risk behavior. There was a significant difference in sexual risk behavior and alcohol use for white and non-white participants; white participants reported engaging in more sexual risk behaviors compared to non-white participants, which supports findings from other studies. A significant difference in alcohol use for males and females was also found; males scored higher on the alcohol use measure compared to females, which also supports findings from other studies. In addition, findings indicated a moderate, positive correlation between perceived stress and perceived social support, which was measured as the degree of social support received. Conclusions of this study indicate that further research needs to be conducted on perceived stress (appraisal of stress) and sexual risk behavior, since most of the previous research has examined the relationship using other conceptions of stress, such as Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and negative life events. Further research should also be conducted on race, alcohol use, and sexual risk behavior, as well as gender and alcohol use.
Abstract: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a growing problem nationwide, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009), there are approximately 19 million new STIs each year, and almost half are among young people ages 15 to 24. Untreated STIs are estimated to cause at least 24,000 women to become infertile each year (CDC). Students with low self-esteem, consumed more alcohol, had more sexual partners, and had more HIV risk-taking behaviors than other students (Gullette & Lyons, 2006). What is not clear from the literature is how psychological variables affect risk behaviors in a nationally representative sample. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between self-esteem, alcohol use, and sexual risk behaviors. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of data from The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) database, which is a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of adolescents. The Add Health cohort has been followed into young adulthood with four in-home interviews, most recently in 2008, when the samples were aged 24-32, just emerging into adulthood and more likely to have opportunities for drinking and sexual behaviors. Wave III data for females was used (N = 2629). Analysis: Pearson bi-variate and Spearman Rank correlations were conducted for variables of interest. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between the sexual risk behaviors, alcohol use and self-esteem. A p-value less than .05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Education was not related to binge drinking or self-esteem. Higher levels of self-esteem were related to higher levels of binge drinking. Sexual risk behaviors were related to self-esteem. Unlike previous studies, binge drinking was not related to sexual risk behaviors. Implications: These results will aid in the development and implementation of gender-specific interventions aimed at impacting sexual risk behavior among women.