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On July 3, 1988, the American navy ship USS Vincennes, a Ticonderoga-class guided missile cruiser operating in the Persian Gulf, shot down Iran Air Flight 655, an Airbus A300B2-203, on its way from Tehran to Dubai. All 290 people on board died. Iran Air 655 flew within its assigned corridor. The USS Vincennes thought it had to deal with an Iranian F-14 fighter jet. From this point of view it was simply a case of mistaken identity. It is amazing that a guided missile cruiser with extremely advanced electronic capabilities such as the USS Vincennes, equipped with an ultra modern system such as Aegis, could make such a case of mistaken identity. Although the U.S. had to pay damages, a clear admission of guilt, the officers and commander of the Vincennes received awards and decorations after all.
When and why did the United States policy of containment of Iran come about? How did it evolve? Where is it going? Much has been said about the US policy of dual containment, particularly as it pertains to Iraq. However, there has been little in-depth analysis of this policy when it comes to Iran. Sasan Fayazmanesh explores this often neglected subject by analyzing the history of this policy. The analysis includes the role that the Carter and Reagan Administrations played in the Iran-Iraq war, the numerous sanctions imposed on Iran by the Clinton Administration and the aggressive and confrontational policy toward Iran adopted by the George W. Bush Administration after the events of September 11, 2001. This topical read synthesises a range of primary sources, including firsthand reports, newspaper articles and electronic media, and presents a coherent analysis of the ebbs and flows in the US thinking on Iran and Iraq.
The downing of civilian Iran Air Flight 655 on 3 July was a tragic and regrettable accident and, as is so often the case in a combat environment, there were a number of contributing factors. It is important to put the events of that day in the local context. The U.S. Government committed naval forces to the convoying of American flag tankers in the spring of 1987. From the onset, the Administration emphasized that while our forces could achieve this mission, it would involve risks and uncertainties. This prediction was borne out by several incidents, e.g., the indiscriminate laying of Iranian mines, the Bridgeton explosion, the STARK tragedy, the SAMUEL B. ROBERTS striking a mine, the capture of the Iran Ajar, Iranian firing on U.S. helos, and the incidents of April 18 when Iranian ships and aircraft attempted to damage U.S. units. Throughout this period and especially in the wake of the above events, the Government of Iran issued inflammatory statements threatening retaliation against American personnel and interests. Reinforcing the high level of tension, both Baghdad and Teheran have continued to attack unarmed merchant ships, the former with aircraft and the latter with small boats, ships and aircraft. Iranian assaults have been largely concentrated in the southern gulf and on occasion have taken place in the presence of foreign warships. (kr).