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Evaluation or Assessment plays a crucial role in a policy or programme implementation process. A planned and organized approach to reviewing, analyzing and investigating both the validity and intended or unintended effects of a particular policy or program helps to understand the direction of the programme or policy to achieve the established objectives. Development programs and policies are typically designed to change outcomes such as raising incomes, improving learning, or reducing illness. Impact evaluations seek to answer such cause-and-effect questions precisely. Assessing the impact of a program on a set of outcomes is the equivalent of assessing the causal effect of the program on those outcomes. In this study report some of the important methodologies was discussed in detail.Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) is not a method in itself but a design. The application of RDD requires presence of a forcing variable on which treatment allocation is made. In this premise, RDD provides a quasi-experimental set up around the cut-off, such that observations near to cut-off on either sides are similar except for the treatment and thus enabling researcher to measure impact with least bias. Graphical representation, an integral component of RDD, is often intuitive and expressive. But, the applicability of the design may be limited by the fact that in most of welfare programs and schemes, use of rating variables for selection of beneficiaries are rare. Differnce-in-Differnce (DiD): It may be difficult to include unobserved differences in characteristics in the analysis. But Difference-in-Difference method helps to resolve this problem to the extent that many characteristics of units or individuals can reasonably be assumed to be constant over time. By using this method we also cancel out the effect of all the characteristics that are unique to that individual and that do not change over time.Economic Surplus (ES) Model: Among the multiple measure, Economic surplus model is popularly used to estimate returns to research investment in Agriculture. Because, this model requires little data and it also easy to use by the person who had a basic knowledge about economics. It also provides useful and effective outputs in showing the benefits generated by agricultural research. The study has demonstrated that the economic surplus method captures the impact of Bhoochetana programme activities in a holistic manner and assesses the distributional effects of producers and consumers and therefore it would be a fairly good methodology to assess the impact of the programme.
The landlord and his emaciated labourer are symbolic of Indian agriculture. However, this relationship has now changed as large landowners have fallen from their superior position. This volume explores how this emblematic pair is becoming a thing of the past. Structural Transformation and Agrarian Change in India investigates whether family labour farms are gaining prominence as a consequence of the structural transformation of the economy. The authors work alongside Weberian methodology of ideal types and develop different types of family farms; among them family labour farms that rely mainly on family workers, contrasted with capitalist farms that depend on hired labour. Agriculture is shrinking as a part of the total GDP at the same time as agricultural labour is shrinking as part of the total labour force. The changing agrarian structure is explored with the use of unique long-term survey data and statistical models. Results show that India is approaching farm structures that are typical of East and South East Asia, with pluriactive smallholders as the norm. This book successfully criticizes popular narratives about Indian agricultural development as well as simplistic evolutionist, Marxist or neoclassical prognoses. It is of great importance to those who study development economics, development studies and South Asian economics.
Projects: the "cutting edge" of development; Identifying costs and benefits of agricultural projects; Selecting proper values; Comparing costs and benetits; Applying discounted measures of project worth; Financial analysis cosiderations for agricultural projects; Source of assistance for project preparation.
: MGNREGS is a paradigm shift from most other earlier Government programs and schemes. MGNREGS aims to achieve the objective enunciated in Article: 41 of the Indian Constitution-“giving citizens the right to work”. This book explained the implementation procedures of MGNREGS and its impact on household assets procurement, expenditure, and savings pattern. Practical problems faced relating to individual and community asset creation are concentrated in a better way in this book. This book assesses the impact of MGNREGA on household assets and the expenditure pattern of job cardholders. It answers the impact of MGNREGA on the saving patterns and indebtedness of job cardholders. This study evaluates the payment of wages to job cardholders under MGNREGS. It assesses the status of awareness and respondents' perception of the scheme. This book has concentrated on a single block in Tiruchirappalli Taluk, to study in-depth the impact of the scheme. This book is impelled to state that though the study is confined to a small pocket in Southern India the data collected there cannot be treated as insignificant. It reflects the true state of affairs as existing anywhere in India. Overall this book act as a guide to those who want to know the preformation, operation strategy of the scheme, the government support, and the impact of MGNREGA among the stakeholder. It will help in formulating a better policy and strategy for the future.
The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) was enacted in India with the multiple objectives of providing employment in a rights-based framework, addressing rural poverty, checking migration, and building rural infrastructure. As such, every year around 15–20 per cent of households in India overall and 30 per cent in rural India receive some form of employment share under the MGNREGA programme. This volume looks at various aspect of the scheme, its linkage with employment, agricultural wages, livelihood and food security, gender issues, and migration in rural India. It also discusses challenges in implementation, hurdles and the relative successes of the scheme. Based on primary survey data from 16 major states in the country, the findings of the study provide key insights into MGNREGA and assess the implications for other welfare-oriented programmes. Rich in empirical data, this volume will be useful to scholars and researchers of political economy, economics, agriculture, rural development and sociology, as well as policymakers and nongovernmental organisations.
This book offers an assessment of the performance, impact, and welfare implications of the world’s largest employment guarantee programme, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). Launched by the Indian government, the programme covers entire rural area of the country. The book presents various micro-level analyses of the programme and its heterogeneous impacts at different scales, almost a decade after its implementation. While there are some doubts over the future of the scheme as well as its magnitude, nature and content, the central government appears committed to it, as a ‘convergence scheme’ of various other welfare and rural development programmes being implemented at both national and state level. The book discusses the outcomes of the programme and offers critical insights into the lessons learnt, not only in the context of India, but also for similar schemes in countries in South and South-East Asia as well as in Africa, and Latin America. Adopting inter-disciplinary perspectives in analysing these issues, this unique book uses a judicious mix of methods---integrating quantitative and qualitative tools---and will be an invaluable resource for analysts, NGOs, policymakers and academics alike.
The present study has been carried out in Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka which is one of the major agricultural production zone facing sever labour shortage and have scope for mechanization. The primary data for the study has been collected from the 30 CHS providers and 150 farmers. The study focused on characteristic features, farm machinery inventory available with different custom hire service (CHS) providers, economic feasibility, investment pattern, benefits in use of different CHS providers and problems faced by the farmers as well as the CHS providers in the study region. The results indicated that the government subsidized Non Governmental organization (NGO) operated CHSCs are following stringent norms in providing farm machinery services and payments towards services compared to other CHS providers in the study region. The NGO operated CHSC in Chikkaballapur had invested highest compared to other CHS providers. Irrespective of the CHS providers and region, the investment made on tillage equipments was the highest. However, the government subsidized CHSCs own maximum number farm machinery inventory compared to other CHS providers irrespective of the region. The feasible factors highlighted that all the government subsidized CHS providers are economically feasible and NGO operated CHSC in Tumkur is capable of generating higher returns. In addition, it was found that the farmers have realized 10 to 20 per cent higher returns from using custom hire services from government subsidized CHSC than other CHS providers. The non-availability of skilled labour, spare parts of farm machinery and repair and maintenance and local workshops were the major constraints faced by the CHS providers. While non-availability of machinery services in time, quality of farm operation and payment options were the major constraints faced by the farmers.