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The world's 58 poorest countries are diverse in many respects, but they share the characteristic of a labor force overwhelmingly dependent on agriculture. Challenging the assumption that mass poverty and chronic hunger are insoluble problems, this book systematically explores the multiple aspects of economic development in these countries, which are home to 60 percent of the world's population. The authors offer a broad-based development strategy to raise incomes through agricultural productivity growth and expanded rural employment. They present rich new information on the rural informal sector and on agriculture-industry interactions, and they analyze the impact of macroeconomic and social policies on the rural economy. Policy instruments aimed at bringing about broad-based development are carefully assessed from fiscal policy to development of hew seeds and farm implements. The book includes detailed case studies of countries that have seized—or missed—development opportunities. Comparison of the successful economic transformations of Japan and the United States shows how key ideas, which the authors call strategic notions, have enabled policymakers to act with foresight. Analyses of strategic choices in China, the Soviet Union, Taiwan, Mexico, Kenya, and Tanzania also show how development strategies that emerge from the real-world political economy reflect a mix of individual interests and strategic notions.
Monograph discussing topics of agricultural development in tropical zones of Africa south of Sahara - covers export of agricultural products, internal agricultural market and commercial farming, evolution of farming systems, possible causes of varying agricultural production, agricultural extension services, agricultural research base and flow of technological change, etc. Bibliography pp. 300 to 312.
The slow pace of agricultural mechanization in Africa has long been a puzzle. This book begins to solve the puzzle by looking at the conditions in sub-Saharan Africa that have led to only sporadic use of the plow rather than the hand hoe, very limited use of tractors and even oxen, and the failure of many projects seeking to move directly from hand hoes to tractors. The authors interviewed farmers at fifty sites in ten countries. They found that the pace of mechanization has been slow in Africa because it often is not cost effective. Among the issues discussed in the book are : (a) the effect on yields of substituting plows for hoes; (b) the cost-effectiveness of using draft animals as opposed to tractors; (c) conditions under which tractors can be used more efficiently than oxen; and (d) the negative consequences of government interventions to encourage the use of tractors beyond what is economically justified.
The first comprehensive and fully documented history of modern Tanganyika (mainland Tanzania).
The document describes current research projects -- those initiated, in progress, and completed during fiscal year 1970 -- in the social and behavioral sciences dealing with international affairs, foreign areas, and United States foreign policy for the use, primarily, of research officers throughout the Government. The research descriptions are arranged by subject matter, with cross-references as appropriate at the end of each section. (Author).
Land tenure in pastoral and agro pastoral areas of Tanzania is under stress. The stress emanates mainly from changing natural and demographic environments. Other underlying causes are social, economic and political changes. In the past three to four decades, both pastoral and agro-pastoral areas have been experiencing rapid population increase, with a national mean population growth rate estimated at 3 per cent per annum (Kurian 1992). This has increased demand for cultivation lands, forcing pastoralists and agro-pastoralists to more marginal areas and triggering off in some cases environmental degradation process. These processes are paralleled by overall climatic changes with concomitant increasing droughts. The combined effect of these processes has culminated into a general decline of pastoral and agro-pastoral communityis welfare and increased livelihood insecurity. This study explored the impacts of these changes in agro-pastoral land use on the physical environment as well as livelihood and welfare of the community in Missungwi District.