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Expounds a new concept of human security- one that focuses on the security of people in their homes, in their jobs, in their communities and in their environment.
World Development Report 1994 examines the link between infrastructure and development and explores ways in which developing countries can improve both the provision and the quality of infrastructure services. In recent decades, developing countries have made substantial investments in infrastructure, achieving dramatic gains for households and producers by expanding their access to services such as safe water, sanitation, electric power, telecommunications, and transport. Even more infrastructure investment and expansion are needed in order to extend the reach of services - especially to people living in rural areas and to the poor. But as this report shows, the quantity of investment cannot be the exclusive focus of policy. Improving the quality of infrastructure service also is vital. Both quantity and quality improvements are essential to modernize and diversify production, help countries compete internationally, and accommodate rapid urbanization. The report identifies the basic cause of poor past performance as inadequate institutional incentives for improving the provision of infrastructure. To promote more efficient and responsive service delivery, incentives need to be changed through commercial management, competition, and user involvement. Several trends are helping to improve the performance of infrastructure. First, innovation in technology and in the regulatory management of markets makes more diversity possible in the supply of services. Second, an evaluation of the role of government is leading to a shift from direct government provision of services to increasing private sector provision and recent experience in many countries with public-private partnerships is highlighting new ways to increase efficiency and expand services. Third, increased concern about social and environmental sustainability has heightened public interest in infrastructure design and performance.
An introduction to the political, social, and economic conditions of the continent, which provides the reader with a background setting to the existing conditions today. Includes over 78 annexes which contain hard-to-find information relating to various economic aspects of the economy by country.
The premise of The Environment and Development in Africa is that current environmental problems in sub-Saharan Africa are an outcome of the continent's development activities. Whether these activities have generated economic growth and raised living standards or have led to growth without overall increases in living standards-or have even contributed to a decline in people's well-being-developments in that region have produced effects that have degraded Africa's environment in many ways. This book presents a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the context of the environmental issues facing sub-Saharan African states. Contributors discuss the problems associated with generating the capacity to manage Africa's environmental concerns; assess the impact of economic development efforts on the region's environment; and examine various societal and policy responses to environmental problems and to development problems linked to ecological decay. This is an important book for scholars and policy advisors concerned with African studies and global environmental issues.
This 1994 Human Development Report focuses on human security in the daily lives of people. Discussion focuses on some potential early warning signals and prevention actions for avoiding crisis situations. A new paradigm for international cooperation is presented as well as a concrete agenda for the World Summit on Social Development that is scheduled for March 1995. It is argued that the peace agenda and the development agenda must be strengthened and integrated by the UN. The UN Development Program needs to be strengthened and restructured, in order to make a critical contribution to sustainable development. This report is the product of an analysis by a UNDP team under the direction of Mahbub ul Haq. Chapters are devoted to the issues of sustainable human development, human security, the peace dividend, development cooperation, and the Human Development Index. Numerous tables, charts, and figures accompany the text. Special brief inserts on selected topics are prepared by the following Nobel Prize winners: Rigoberta Menchu on indigenous people, Oscar Arias on global demilitarization funding, Abdus Salam on the proposed Islamic Science Foundation, and Jan Tinbergen on global governance. It is noted by the authors of this report that humanity has progressed over the past 50 years in a number of important ways. For example, most nations have achieved freedom and the UN grew from 51 countries to 184. The world is safer from nuclear holocaust. Developing countries advanced faster than developed countries in reducing mortality, increasing life expectancy, and increasing education and nutrition. Fairly satisfactory human development levels have been reached in 60% of countries. The proportion of people living in very poor human conditions has declined from 70% of world population to 32%. Nations have increased their wealth, and military spending has declined.
This volume contains more than 500 economic, social and environmental data indicators from a wide variety of sources for 53 African countries and five regional country groups, in order to present a broad picture of development across the continent. The data covers the period 1980-2002, and is grouped into 16 chapters which cover: selected background data; national accounts; prices and exchange rates; money and banking; external sector issues; external debt and related flows; government finance; agriculture; power, communications and transportation; privatisation of public enterprises; labour force and employment; aid flows; social indicators; environmental indicators; the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative; and household welfare.